MARYLAND
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ROBERT W. PURDY
,
MARYLAND
PeOeOGiteAlL SURVEY
UPPER CRETACEOUS TEXT
BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 1916
GLASS
"GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND.
“COMPTROLLER OF MARYLAND.
PRESIDENT.
EXECUTIVE OFFICER.
SECRETARY.
Bi a.
STATE GEOLOGIST.
ASSISTANT STATE GEOLOGIST. is 4 : ; 5 - GEOLOGIST. DP Tela Rieter sR AP ta Geotosrsr. Beesley eee chan dee eee ROLOGIST:
Penge rir st othe oa ee OROLOGIST:
t cooperation of several members of the scientific bureaus ational Government.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
To His Excellency PHinuirs Lez GoLpDsBorouGH,
Governor of Maryland and President of the Geological Survey Com- mission,
Sir :—I have the honor to present herewith the sixth volume of a series of reports dealing with the systematic geology and paleontology of Mary- land. The preceding volumes have dealt with the Devonian, Lower Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary deposits, and the remains of animal and plant life which they contain. The present volume treats of the Upper Cretaceous deposits and their contained life, a knowledge of which is very important from an educational and scientific standpoint. I am,
Very respectfully, WILLIAM BuLitock CLARK, State Geologist.
JoHns Hopkins UNIVERSITY, Battimore, December, 1915.
i)
xd, .
Aes eee eR oe Meet
CONTENTS
PAGE
BEVEDHS HEA) Hace ptea resected ce eee TSE Saale Scliont vatalino ne Poanwans weaveng, walk srava, vialoce 's 19 THE UPPER CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS OF MARYLAND. By Wm.
BURR OGRA CIAR Kaw tener poreesesc Bacto raaitlcse olarac caliente acelimanve elianel Sereno dusia tees 23
LEN AR OD U CHLOWN MMe a eicus set at Sian =e aoe cheko erste yeas Gia) ays) Seema are Cal elavece 23
ATEN He PLAYS EOS IAP FEV ate odes. ore ence terra ke pera. ape cave a) Sr wtat erie ies aateterated vein’ feel ave 23
EPL H YEG MOTO G Yea riciee sven case i, ch atonad eerie sfesieskojioe tel caboose alienate erate eeceal oboe 26
ORELACCOU Sma ertocten eee ccc ahaie ee chen aya Kae eb sim diel abe Seat sia intend ncaa 28
HCOWETLOTELACCOUS ernst rre tier eie a cleae eee oaks Eee eaene 28
Wppers Cretaceousigce cat. cctsy-sskeicarcme ci wpatense ay ccsuarss ce tesjee’ 29
TOT LVOM IY Pores sesces sre fop iekiel mt cesien fet eh Saher s is odes 9 aye, DL Sneek oiahetel clates 30
1 OYGY che) CEN. Woot hte enO olcter CROP a sac IgE DCEO PCE SERRE O ene EGG IG aie aE 30
MPO CEM emer nc ran cin cchoavehone Caemic eistetelS Suite senna hc askance 31
ALTO CEMEH (7) rrmey os tee eter eT ces ve sso a teieies kana cto anerc ate vaca sucter 32
(OOUGRAGEPIN ON PO face Su Cit Olen cre nate ee Seva TN EU are eee 32
PICIStOGEMOLhS As oeneerett arene sieresceszae Tetons ate erase theners eave 32
RG CEIG tearetate cre eecisic racer oseoaeras steis eeale vee ahha ra arene Sehsta gab esnene 33
TEITSHGy OH Ol SY ON ADDN Pemrcla Sciam aia Da OR cra 6 Oc CCROID Gea iaC ncn contre aie creme 34
ESTE TT OGRSPEL Yee cyan ere sa cpepereewetenaue armen ter cP ehatets Lea crsi ous te Teel SEIT Sree essere 39
STRATIGRAPHIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS........-..---2+- 50
TEN RARIEAN MORNEA DION <i (-vorsicicrsiekehe osha oltie altars orca eer elecangeavevenea sana s 56
Namen GdsSyMonymMiyae ons sy cise soi cheietee ores so eve.e 56
AT eal DT StH Ip WE OM yeivera tte eie os versie suchen ieeerate 8 Sens Jose 56
itholorrer Chana eter: erasers scao varie stein a ei is =e 57
Strike, Dip, and Thickness..................-...-5 58
Stratigraphie and Structural Relations............. 59
OrgzaniCvRemain' siete cis ioe wisn ctabecte Births acess 59
ALETHANUAG OME Ya MOR NUNIT ON rere ccusiciss hcus ova arecs <oohciorecchorsiet hone eieig Ove ae Gldiecs 61
Name and (SY MOM YIN vie ee se oteyaieieleins eis tiene louse wesc 61
ArealeDisuniDUti Oni. seiask ay eva crn eer en A ste ee ere 61
PIUENOLOSIEMGHANACUCrS) fe picisienisaeticane ieotersipices oe aod wees 61
Strike, Dip, and Thickness....................-... 62
Stratigraphic and Structural Relations............. 63
OER aN TCHVONVAINS te cite cer aitituerchete we Ma etee eran ee owt 63
DVEDE AMPA TTA WEAN OR NEACTION cestcier sts c0scepeireka\et cvedavcveicilel Soest easiayaioraleveaus eoelels 65
NAMES FATIGES VOM YTV cairn nc = ous rere sera ee taiereueesncts ovens eeuels ee 65
ATCA AD ISLIP UGLON paces a sols seedsuseoe siren sera telenaie severe ee atous 65
WithOlOzicnGMaAracCheNnsn ents =ccssie asveicteroerele eisai nae 65
Strike, Dip wand VNhieckmess.e. cco acee cules ocho 67
Stratigraphic and Structural Relations............. 67
OreanicuVemains .y-tscicros ciscicioencie cvieicte ee selene eee 67
14 CONTENTS
PAGE THE MONMOUTED FORMATION. «6 --<-2- eacle = oc <i) scien ies) ele 70 INamejandsSymionyanitvere eres tee eee eee 70
Areal Distribution) .o2,02 aa eee 70
ithologi¢ Characters) 2-14-06 ae ee eee 70
Strike, Dip, and Thickness........................ 71
Stratigraphic and Structural Relations............. 71 OrganiciRemains: ane e tee eee Cen ree 72
THE RANCOCAS) FORMATION. «2: leis olen eit erate eae eee 74 LOCAL: SCCHONS: sis jsintslS sb oe ark Ue eRe eae eel nes SO 76 INTERPRETATION OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS............. peer resis. |). 1313) DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAUNAS AND FILORA......--.-2 0-0 eee eee te eee eee 89 THE \GEOLOGIG JPROVENGH (5:45.05 ercssie so oojclerete eis tees cheneyemes seerenmenenc crete ierere eae 105
THE PETROGRAPHY AND GENESIS OF THE SEDIMENTS OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF MARYLAND. By Marcus I. Gorpman... 111
EN TRODU CTORY, “cise secs s clecs ao tideos eo eucTeaelle saan ea PoLe tae Betcha eS Reet 111 THE! METH ODOR AN ALY SUSI: acs:.12<vsicr) mueiere aiceoreie nese eae ee ke eae ee ame 113 (PHER) MAI ATY' SES 1/552 (i dceia bua Sonne iaveray ahrarete <esooss ateneme de pa keneiehey gees te 1 co nee ea ee 124°
Sample Nos Magothye.. <3 + ase eer oe eee 124 Sample Nowe? MAG Oth ya ce ieee ale teleae ee eee ee 126 General Summary and Conclusions, Samples 1 and 2........ 127 Sample: No.3. Matawaninn- ce acs emcee eee ieee tee 132 NamplenwNo: fo MMGtGana ace stearece side nies eer eee ee 135 Sample iNOW Se) Matanaiis.. aie ccsicicias © stele cine aia cteeen ieee 137 Samples Nos (Go Matar itecta = orcs siete eee eden eo ee eee 139 General Summary and Conclusions, Samples 3, 4, 5, and 6.... 141 SAMUDLCLNO: Ts MC TOAD Viernte a: iarele eet ae ep nd a) otaiehehednts el niet ae 145 Sample No. 8. Matawan or Monmouth.................4+5. 149 Sample No. 9) (Matawan ecco ccic tes ce eicicce ees sreieicte sictsicie clei nee Oe Sample No. 10. Monmouth or Basal Monmouth............ 156 Sample Nol tt. MOniowbine ci tocistatcisete iecaleeet reese haere 159 SamplexNio. 12. Monmowthmass coe eee d ene eerie 162 SGmiple MNO! Los sIe@NCOCUS orem ietcrea toni iene rata te eee 165 GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....-...-.00.¢. esse enn eneaes 168 CLOSSUIGAELON Of, EVENS CONIMCTUGS ar-yaters) eta) elvetene oetel tole) <-/ attain ee 168 UU OR CLI ICOVOUKE — SER SMCLE OPN TAO ic An eaibeitic SCO O eG 6.0 G.o0 176 THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FLORAS OF THE WORLD. By Epwarp WEBER BERRY: ecco Lon bres ace wana erp hicu chat otto tenal eros eae erate cr eee oh ote ae ee 183 TN TRODU GORY) valeiocs.e i oid rar aesltetenete We me ey ioe eta eerek aves yalon opener tena 183 MOM AWGN Sooanddaavoncaean cl MPEG NA Pees UBER AA pc Ss, 0 185 GQRECNTONG: 255 os ecapey shavate «nie ts egeie eerste ene be aia eleie learena ata cesar ett 185 The Atane | Sepresy. wise seomeienva i eelentareisickareteita lanai lentereaae 188
The PAatootiSerless.aiccrec ciate einte i lev sbsycieseialstcleta lear ekay/ Renesas eter 193
ne Ue
CONTENTS 15
PAGE
TOLLE) AMES AUN TT >. COS MATA PIGAT Mica: stierey a 2160s cae a 'ellal'e Siale mealeuw vias s'sla sla cies 196 Marthas Vineyard to the District of Columbia............... 196 MH EBV ALUCAM PHN ONA seie evs inte cis Ais tors ciateics So fvenc Costste eye cea 199
MSR Viale Oblaiyeatyl OL dsm varernstalcco: «cx avate Rete eras win lols ieiteraes «tava 2038
EMOTE AG OHO atiaer a stae Nees lois ae nee eirete le cicle. 6 © ale Creusicioel nae 210 ISOUER DCT OURO © Ba ec BG Oo eR RO EO RI RESIS SIO ets 212 (CHEDIATUGE 3468 ain odio nny Goa O AR CO Cea ere c eae enka ei Caer 214 Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessée........-----2..e.2000s 216 SHARES ie eels Gin Bs 8's cite Pa OC EERE CR LOREEN cec LEROIE Eee 220 WHSMERANG ON OR TET SANTEE CAL tara vaysla (at se ai- sicithareye a eysie arsyarclsisies® siaialavevave aie 222 MEM ESUCTIMOMLILE OS LCUES NR tei-ta ie lata a a aere aie eee omer 222 MheEsWashitas SCLles mc -aceisoas set Acs seein caren eos ere 222 DhiewDWakotar Sand Stones. .y5 sas cls wie a iole hen te nis si dasee oe 223
Men Coloradoyv Groupe wink casey on a ee ee cle ccs 234 hhemvVontanaGroupeaer nec eee ec ee tae 234 RhelwanamireyHormation: smite =e paisa etehas cee ie le 237 IRHNeMVErMe | Ow@HOLMabionh .pecriscce leteaeia cee elae cies 239 TECUDO VE PRONE Gj OLD Ming Spo oodles Ooooos Heep bes Oaean ore 240 SCOUT PS FEMPA MVE Te mepetatcpe at tira tale cy ats a fe oncter crs comepeisae carey <oclere ua Sresenn chive cece a 245 JGSTPATRITICIY SG Gao ceo aay hte Clot co aia OI eter atc Conyers Senne 247 JC EROTRATTN "BS er Oi hee oO DET ORIC Te TOTO OH Co OO REECE Ey eect 247 ENTS UU aR ZTE Ty AUNT Dooce tah tee cette ds oe detedel Ae pale se tens (e's) Sieysie aol stagione wks lahelsyaus/ gneve ee 250 EVE Vas CDIROIIOINIAW Nee iets tour recereseual ai lee Pavel ole eicellantensrenauel s Meguiensnainyshs aieieadlavens 252 TST AM Mee a ene ee ei ae Ste as otra safe ovrok onnite operas canis tend rer aliobe atlas peeeuierial crares stoceuess 252 PATENT CRORE Seon ae Seat SETS ere TTE are rahe aa odaheiis Meee os nypoheks eves Jacehereue ister aceite 253 AG ROP Meme eee aot e nce lei monie she slams Rieysieininyettte youths ecaevare ia: eoeavete 255 ISWIETAOK GYD tile, BENRECES 6 HOO i CER IESE ODIO Ie nce oe ter Ooi 255 JOUR DOP. BAW SECO TOR Oe ECE TOSCO CEO Oo poe aero 256 TATILG Cnet net rot cr es nae eeae te ios oteiteas Per see ect e ahs Fala) aoa eens eae] eliek ailatel wlerehe 257 THAI. aise Bese ab Coon et en Sac ee ORO Gado oar Op cee 261 TEU Ufimenrenencmace store ctave eae for eore oh sici esis tetas ert pene eye csbe st sherata, silssavaleve:e/ 264 Germany (including Dutch and Belgian Frontiers)......... 265 EPIVETMS Ha ETUSSL Ae ceyern ave rereciet eeueetate leis eect aerate alent 266
SER pve daiso0' oe Gace 6 BOO OO GR OUMC Ene bon Dan aaah cans 271 WGERIOICINA soostecds sodcvedansuecdoOoosboebosdsooeuecs 281 ANSHPALEMTUGUE) cant aoc do toe doond oan od oon eso oRscemMeOaGS 285
SEYOI GTA Ey, Ee ANees See CRA Os ORR RELI ROE Nee. cians eis ict Re CIE 285
NIV ISea Vil shape eaters eae cies Ge ce fey ic bene eter cick) eu veNale vite robaea elled weetrey lye tev avs. ch aes 300 IDPS Cae hel ee Nemrs a oro crete che pice enenCEt toys Ee tee et RCE EE SEL ERS CERT OOIET 303
EUUNT Ars ye pat as vee ete Pehepe ore aiehaks (one valate ererattions | eteterareneuscasehe 304
ED vou sleyr Olan PANS CMTE sale. arsus regrets tiara ois tertonedctin aveler « faus,ece en 305
LVEURES LEG TURE CIUUTES NUL arene Nene tcte ke cell oote aia a) rae eco stapere heel ola at ehees 308 TOG IIOG MSO See ODE AG6 CAs DEG SRO ON boc etree Sap riers 308 TPEMRRORE TA GKOMS I AG charter ects) a-i-pecs nietesePabanaletalevanciicbel eal slehsia rene cere ane 310 COMELESION Gand bce sooo Ouse Dood ed UU OG Oo CicSUOns GD olou) biontiniaeno > 311
16 CONTENTS
: PAGE CORRELATION OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. By Wm. Buttock CLark, EDWARD WILBER BERRY, AND JULIA A. GARDNER... 315
CORRELATION WITHIN THE NORTHERN ATLANTIC COSTAL PLAIN....... 316 CORRELATION WITH THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND EASTERN GULF COSTAL PLADN’ FORMATIONS © 242502 sts ile ie eieis jeu elemcuarehctopeee Oleuet oleate eee eee tons 324 CORRELATION WITH OTHER AMERICAN AREAS.......-..-------+--+--s 329 CORRELATION WITH EUROPEAN STRATA......--.-----+-2--e-+.-2-0-e 335 CORRELATION: WETE TINDIA sere -)e-fnicieta cece tee au sieral ci ctoke eae eke aaa 338 CONGIUSIONSU fiteiereeente ats cntetesyein naan Rte esas errata oA Ronee eee ee 339 SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY, UPPER CRETACEOUS............... 343 VERTEBRATA. HWDWARD WILBER BERRY.-........---2-.-2+-+ssesess secur 347 ARTHROPODA] SHENRY Ay (PINGERY = 00-0 nee oon ae eee 361 MOnEnUSGA: (Jnr AS GARDNER ace cane eine ise ate ce vee ieee ear 371 MoLiuscomweEa, BRACHIOPODA. JULIA A. GARDNER..........--.-.------ 134 Motiuscomrs, Bryozoa. R. S. BASSLER....:.....-....-..-+-s2+-e0> 736 VERMES. JULDA: Ax. (GUABDINIBRE 1 /dicje isc) ies ier eis eteneiel eieoere le eee siientne eis ener 745, ECHINODERMATA. WM. BULLOCK CLARK...........--0200-00+sucreces 749 C@LENTERATA, ANTHOZOA. Luioyp W. STEPHENSON.................-- 752 THALLOPHYTA. HIDWARD) WILBER) BERRY coc ciciein a sale ici) ened ot PTERIDOPHYTA. EDWARD WILBER BERRY........-------e+e++ececeeees 759 CYcADORPHYTA. HDWARD) WiIDBER SBPRRY. «7. oe) oe eis coerce Heise 769 CONIFEROPHYTA. FEIDWARD WILBER BERRY........-..:-.--ceee-+eescee 776 ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA. EDWARD WILBER BERRY.............-.2-.20000- 806 GENER:ATS, DINING ses Sane resedveicrs cers eh shel piece yar ch sue? eftuie fot oane Peps ake oo ee 991
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE FACING PAGE
I. Map showing the Distribution of the Upper Cretaceous Deposits epLgAVEAT VL ATI rte roperc genet ci ef cilois (ste avd aes) Say eiack ror haow aveeieiei hele Se.e
Ii. Fig. 1—View of White Rocks, Patapsco River, showing indurated sandstone ledges of the Raritan formation...................
Fig. 2—View of Rocky Point, mouth of Back River, showing in- durated sandstone bed in the Raritan formation..............
Ill. Fig. 1—View of glass sand quarry near Stony Point, showing Raritan formation unconformably overlain by the Magothy FDR EGS Us PRES crea) Sip rpeie acer Re CPE ET Renee eu nie eh iene
Fig. 2.—View of “‘ Cape Sable” (North Ferry Point), Magothy River, showing type section of Magothy formation, lignite bed with
AM BETADELLEES CAL DASGs ctege cteig Sts Sette Sees sree 2 eaehapeR erste ee
IV. Fig. 1—View at Round Bay, Severn River, showing Magothy formation overlain by Matawan formation....................
Fig. 2.—Nearer view of same locality, showing contact between the Magothy and Matawan formations........................---
Vy. Fig. i—vView of lower White Bank, Elk Neck, showing Patapsco, Hartan, and VMacothy. formations... 2.3.00... 620i ss cee cee
Fig. 2—View of Grove Point showing Magothy formation overlain Lynette wilt COLI atiOnesG <a Gite mis «a nceeats eerste eens ia ee alolelers
VI. Fig. 1—View along Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, showing Matawan formation overlying Magothy formation............
Fig. 2——View on line of Chesapeake Beach Railroad near Central Avenue, showing Magothy formation overlain by Monmouth
THOVEENE KAYO) 0) et (en Ga lot eRe eR CE TOI EORTC er Cl oe arse
VII. Fig. 1—View near Brightseat, Prince George’s County, showing contact of the Magothy and Monmouth formations............
Fig. 2—View near Brightseat, Prince George’s County, showing Monmouth formation overlain by Aquia formation............
23
32
32
56
56
PREFACE
The present volume is the sixth of a series of reports dealing with the systematic geology and paleontology of Maryland, the Devonian, Lower Cretaceous, Hocene, Miocene, and Plio-Pleistocene deposits having already been fully described.
The Upper Cretaceous deposits which form the subject-matter of the present volume are extensively developed in the Maryland area, and the Maryland section is the type for the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain. Simi- larly the faunas and floras of the Upper Cretaceous are fully represented.
The Upper Cretaceous deposits are described by Professor Wm. Bullock Clark, of the Johns Hopkins University, who has devoted many years to a study of the Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plam. The chapter on Petrography and Genesis of the Sediments is contributed by Dr. Marcus I. Goldman, a former student of the Johns Hopkins University.
The paleontological investigations have been jointly conducted by several experts. The Vertebrata, and the fossil plants, which are espe- cially prominent in the Magothy formation, have been described by Professor Hdward W. Berry, of the Johns Hopkins University, who has also contributed the chapter on the Upper Cretaceous Floras of the World. The abundant molluscan faunas of the Matawan and Monmouth forma- tions have been described by Dr. Julia A. Gardner, of the Johns Hopkins University. ‘The Arthropoda have been described by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences; the Bryozoa by Dr. R. S. Bassler, of the U. S. National Museum; the Echinodermata by Professor Wm. Bullock Clark; and the Anthozoa by Dr. L. W. Stephenson, of the U. 8. Geological Survey.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to all who haye assisted in the present study; especially to Mr. A. B. Bibbins of Baltimore for much information regarding the stratigraphy of the Raritan and Magothy formations, and to Dr. T. W. Stanton and Dr. L. W. Stephenson for
20 PREFACE
facilities at the U. S. National Museum, and for much cri 1c
and Dr. M. W. Twitchell, the Assistant State Geologist of New Je for the use of the collections of the Geological Survey of New . and to Mr. George S. Barkentin, of Albany, New York, for the bear drawings which illustrate the Vertebrata, Mollusca, Brachiopo
THE UPPER CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS — | OF MARYLAND
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UPPER CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS
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MARYLAND
She Ay aa at st MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY fer ¢ lag ms G ; ‘ e) yi eS
WM. BULLOCK CLARK, Srate Geotosist SCALE } ay One inch equals five miles lie Ose F Reseed anh 1915 z;
LEGEND
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te SUPPER CRE VACEOUS DEPOSITS OF MARYLAND
BY WM. BULLOCK CLARK
INTRODUCTION
The Upper Cretaceous deposits of Maryland can only be interpreted through an understanding of the physiography and geology of the broad province of which the State of Maryland forms a part. The physical features which characterize this area may be traced for varying distances into adjoining regions, some being recognized as far as the New England coast on the north, and others as far as the Gulf Region on the south.
Tur PHYSIOGRAPHY
The region here considered forms a portion of the Atlantic slope, which stretches from the crest of the Alleghanies to the sea, and which is divided into three more or less sharply defined regions known as the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau, and the Appalachian Region. These three districts follow the Atlantic border of the United States in three belts of varying width from New England southward to the Gulf. Maryland is, therefore, closely related in its physiographic fea- tures to the states which he to the north and south of it, while its central location on the Atlantic border renders it perhaps the most character- istic in this broad tract. Im crossing the three districts from the ocean border the country rises at first gradually, and then more rapidly, until it culminates in the highlands of the western portion of the state.
The Coastal Plain is the name applied to the low and partially sub- merged surface of varying width extending from Cape Cod southward
24 THE Upper Cretaceous Drposits or MaryLanp
through Florida, and confined between the Piedmont Plateau on the west and the margin of the continental shelf on the east. The line of demarkation between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Plateau is sinuous and often ill-defined, for the one frequently passes over into the other with insensible topographic gradations, although the origin of the two districts is quite different. A convenient, although somewhat arbi- trary, boundary between the two regions in the Maryland area is furnished by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in its extension from Wilmington southwestward through Baltimore to Washington. The eastern limit of the Coastal Plain is at the edge of the continental shelf. This is located about 100 miles off shore at a depth of approximately 100 fathoms beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. It is in reality the submerged border of the North American continent, which extends seaward with a gently sloping surface to the 100-fathom line. From this point there is a more rapid descent to a depth of 3000 fathoms, where the continental rise gives place to the oceanic abyss.
The Coastal Plain, therefore, falls naturally into two divisions, a sub- merged or submarine division and an emerged or subaérial division. The seashore is the boundary line which separates them. This line of demar- cation, although apparently stationary within narrow limits, is in reality very changeable, for during the past geologic ages it has migrated back and forth across the Coastal Plain, at one time occupying a position well over on the Piedmont Plateau, and at another far out at sea. At the present time there is reason to believe that the sea is encroaching on the land by the slow subsidence of the latter, but a few generations of men is too short a period in which to measure this change.
The subaérial division is itself separable in Maryland into the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore. These terms, although first introduced to designate the land masses on either side of Chesapeake Bay, are im reality expressive of a fundamental contrast in the topography of the Coastal Plain. This difference gives rise to an Eastern Shore and a Western Shore type of topography. Chesapeake Bay and Elk River sepa- rate the two. Areas showing the Eastern Shore type are found along
wo or
MARYLAND GHOLOGICAL SuRVEY
the margin of the Western Shore at intervals as far south as Herring Bay, and again from Poimt Lookout northwestward along the margin of the Potomac River. On the other hand, an outlier of the Western Shore type of topography is found at Grays Hill, in Cecil County, at the northern margin of the Eastern Shore. The Eastern Shore type of topography consists of flat, low, and almost featureless plains, while the Western Shore is a rolling upland, attaining four times the elevation of the former, and resembling oftentimes the topography of the Piedmont Plateau much more than that of the typical Eastern Shore. It will be seen later that these two topographic types, which at once strike the eye of the physiographer as being distinctive features, are in realty not as simple as they first appear, but are built up of a complex system of terraces dissected by drainage lines.
The Coastal Plain of Maryland, with which most of the State of Delaware is naturally included, is separable from that of New Jersey by the Delaware River aud Delaware Bay, and from that of Virginia by the Potomac River, but these drainage ways afford no barriers to the Coastal Plain topography, for the same types with their systems of ter- races exist in New Jersey and Virginia as well as in Maryland.
The Chesapeake Bay, which runs the length of the Coastal Plain, drains both shores. From the Western Shore it receives a number of large tributaries which are in the process of developing a dendritic type of drainage, and which have cut far deeper channels than have the rivers of the Eastern Shore. If attention is now turned to the character of the shore-line, it will be seen that along Chesapeake Bay it is extremely broken and sinuous. A straight shore-line is the exception, and in only one place, from Herring Bay southward to Drum Point, does it become a prominent feature. ‘These two classes of shore correspond to two types of coast. Where the shore is sinuous and broken, it is found that the coast is low or marshy, but where the shore-line is straight, as from Herring Bay southward to Drum Point, the coast is high and rugged, as in the famous Calvert Cliffs which rise to a height of 100 feet or more above the Bay. The shore of the Atlantic Ocean is composed of a
26 Tut Upper CreTackous Drposits oF MaryLAanp
long line of barrier beaches which have been thrown up by the waves and enclose behind them lagoons flushed by streams which drain the seaward slope of the Eastern Shore.
It was stated in the early part of this chapter that the topography of the Coastal Plain is in reality more complex than at first appears, and that this complexity is due to a system of terraces out of which the region is constructed. The subaérial division of the Coastal Plain con- tains four distinct terraces and part of another, while the submarine — as far as known, contains one only. This makes for the Coastal Plaim, as a whole, a group of five terraces. These terraces, beginning with the highest, are known by the names of Brandywine, Sunderland, Wicomico, Talbot, and Recent. All five of the subaérial terraces are found on the Western Shore, while only three of them occur on the Eastern Shore. These terraces wrap about each other in concentric arrangement, and are developed one above another in order of their age, the oldest standing topographically highest.
THE GEOLOGY
The area of low land and shallow sea floor which borders the Piedmont Plateau on the east and passes with constantly decreasing elevation east- ward to the margin of the continental shelf has been described under the name of the Coastal Plain. It is made up of geological formations of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic age. ‘These later formations stand in marked contrast to the older strata to the westward, in that they have been but slightly changed since they were deposited. Laid down one above another upon the eastern flank of the Piedmont Plateau, when the sea occupied the present area of the Coastal Plain, these later beds — form a series of thin sheets that are inclined at low angles seaward, so that successively later formations are encountered in passing from the: inland border of the region toward the coast. Oscillation of the sea floor, with some variation both in the angle and direction of tilting. went on, however, during the period of Coastal Plain deposition. As a
result the stratigraphic relations of these formations, which have gen-
ro) 2
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
erally been held to be of the simplest character, possess in reality much complexity along their western margins, and it is not uncommon to find that intermediate members of the series are lacking, as the result of transgression, so that the discrimination of the different horizons, in the absence of fossils, often requires the utmost care.
The Coastal Plain sediments were laid down after a long break in time following the deposition of the red sandstones and shales (Newark formation) of late Triassic age, which overlie the crystalline rocks of the western division of the Piedmont Plateau, and complete the sequence of geological formations found represented in Maryland and Delaware. From the time deposition opened in the coastal region during early Cretaceous time to the present, constant sedimentation has apparently been going on, notwithstanding the fact that frequent uncontformities appear along the landward margins of the different. formations.
The formations consist of the following:
FORMATIONS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN
Cenozoic. Quaternary. Recent. IPUGTIE WEIN soeataaeosace Malbothie snes cess Wicomico........... = Columbia Group. Sunderland......... i Tertiary. PILOGEME) (0?) ico aes ase Brandywine IMIOCEHE!. - Sracsocte auccetepecsietere Sir IWEV AAS oto cae ouo6 Choptank........... = Chesapeake Group. Callviertey. ifn. teenencss IOCCILE!.. Ssemtercre einem spa.ccele SELAH) is bein Vievzes \ = Exner Gren, / AGE AS a Geacar aan ete Mesozoic. Cretaceous. Upper Cretaceous........ Rancocas. Monmouth. Matawan. Magothy. Raritan. Lower Cretaceous........ Patapsco........... PNG VO OIE AG cia Ache oer — Potomac Group.
(ER WTB ied We tose cies
28 Tuer Upper Cretaceous Deposits or MarynAnpD
CRETACEOUS Lower Cretaceous
The Lower Cretaceous is represented by the Potomac Group, which consists of the Patuxent, Arundel, and Patapsco formations, deposits laid down under estuarine and fluviatile conditions. The three forma- tions have only been recognized in their full development in Maryland, the lowermost Patuxent formation not being found to the north of Maryland but extending southward as the basal division of the Coastal Plain series through the south Atlantic States to eastern Alabama, while the uppermost Patapsco formation extends northward into Pennsylvania and disappears southward in central Virginia. The Arundel formation has been recognized in Maryland alone.
The three formations are unconformable to each other and the under- lying and overlying formations. They consist chiefly of sands and clays, the former frequently arkosic, while gravel beds are found at certain points where the shoreward accumulations are still preserved. The deposits of the Patuxent formation consist mainly of sand, often arkosic, and at times argillaceous, although clay beds at times appear. ‘The Arundel formation consists largely of clays, frequently dark colored, and affording in places large amounts of nodular carbonate of iron. At times the deposits are very carbonaceous. The Patapsco materials consist largely of highly colored and variegated clays which grade over into lighter colored sandy clays and also at times into sands.
The organic remains consist largely of fossil plants, although the Arundel formation has afforded representatives of several orders of Reptilia together with a few invertebrate fossils. The fossil plants im the Patuxent and Arundel formations consist chiefly of ferns, cycads, and conifers, while the Patapsco formation contains a considerable rep- resentation of dicotyledonous types. Messrs. Berry and Lull, who have studied the plant and animal remains, regard them as characteristic of the Lower Cretaceous. The fossil plants of the Patuxent and Arundel are strongly Neocomian-Barremian in character, while those of the Patapsco are distinctly Albian.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 29
The total average thickness of the Lower Cretaceous formations in Maryland is between 600 feet and 700 feet, and they show an average dip of about 40 feet in the mile to the southeast.
Upper Cretaceous
The deposits referred to the Upper Cretaceous comprise the Raritan, Magothy, Matawan, Monmouth, and Rancocas formations. The two lower formations are chiefly estuarine and fluviatile in origin, while the overlying formations are distinctly marime. All of these formations can be traced to the northward into Delaware and New Jersey, where they attain an eyen larger development than in Maryland. To the southward they are gradually overlapped, one after the other, by the Tertiary forma- tions and are unknown in Virginia. Similar deposits are found in North Carolina and the States which le to the south of it, but are known under other formational names, although probably continuous beneath the cover of Tertiary deposits.
The Upper Cretaceous formations form an apparently unconformable serles resting unconformably upon the Patapsco formation of the Lower Cretaceous. The deposits consist chiefly of sands and clays, with some gravels in the two lower formations, while the three higher formations consist more particularly of clays and sands, the latter often somewhat glauconitic, although much less so than similar deposits in New Jersey. The Raritan formation consists chiefly of thick-bedded and light-colored sands with some gravels. Clays generally light in color occur in the lower portion of the formation. The Magothy formation is made up of sands and clays that change rapidly both horizontally and vertically. Finely laminated clays with alternating sand layers and often more or less carbonaceous likewise occur. The Matawan formation is composed of micaceous, sandy clays somewhat more sandy in the upper portion and more argillaceous in the lower portion of the formation. The Monmouth formation consists of reddish and pinkish sands more or less glauconitic im character. The Rancocas formation, which outcrops in Delaware near the Maryland line, consists of greensand marls which are frequently highly calcareous.
3
30 Tne Upper Creraczous Drposits or MAaryLanp
The organic remains consist chiefly of fossil plants in the Raritan and Magothy formations, and of fossil invertebrates in the Matawan, Monmouth and Rancocas formations. The flora consists largely of dico- tyledonous types, those forms found in the Raritan formation being dis- tinetly Cenomanian in character, while those of the Magothy are appa- rently Turonian in age, which is apparently also the age of the Matawan invertebrates. The Monmouth fauna, corersponding to the Ripley fauna of the Gulf, is universally regarded as of Senonian age, while the over- lying Rancocas fauna has been referred to the Danian.
The total average thickness of the Upper Cretaceous formations of Maryland is about 400 feet. They show a dip of from 25 feet to 35 feet in the mile to the southeast.
TERTIARY Hocene
The Hocene is represented by the Pamunkey Group, which consists of the Aquia and Nanjemoy formations. The deposits are of marine origin and comprise part of a geologic province embracing Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.
The two formations constitute an apparently conformable series which overlies the Upper Cretaceous deposits in Maryland unconformably while in Virginia it has transgressed the latter and is found overlying the Lower Cretaceous strata unconformably. The deposits consist chiefly of greensands which are often calcareous in the Aquia formation and generally argillaceous in the Nanjemoy formations.
The fossils consist mainly of animal remains and comprise an extensive fauna, embracing particularly the molluscs and corals, which show a faunal relationship with the Wilcox and probably with the lower Claiborne beds of the Gulf.
The total thickness of the Eocene deposits in Maryland is about 225 feet, and they show an average dip of 124 feet in the mile to the southeast.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 31
Miocene
The Miocene deposits of Maryland are represented by the Chesapeake Group, which is made up of the Calvert, Choptank, and St. Mary’s formations. ‘These formations are chiefly of marine origin. They attain a very extensive development in the drainage basin of Chesapeake Bay, both in Maryland and Virginia, from which area they can be traced south- ward into North Carolina and northward into Delaware and New Jersey. To the south of the Hatteras axis the conditions change materially, and other formations presenting faunal affinities more or less close are found.
The several formations comprising the Miocene are apparently slightly unconformable to each other, although this unconformity is oftentimes not apparent, the Choptank in some areas being apparently conformable to the Calvert, while the St. Mary’s seemingly presents the same rela- tions to the Choptank. The deposits of the Chesapeake Group consist largely of sands, clays, and marls. The Calvert is in part sandy and in part clayey, with extensive deposits of diatomaceous earth in the lower or Fairhaven member, and numerous marl beds packed with molluscan shell remains in the upper or Plum Point member. The Choptank forma- tion is essentially sandy, although clays and marls also occur. The St. Mary’s formation is decidedly clayey with sands or sandy clays, the latter typically greenish-blue in color and often containing large quan- tities of fossils.
The organic remains consist largely of fossil invertebrates, by far the most common being molluscs. Diatoms are very common, and remains of land plants are not rare in the basal strata, while corals, bryozoans, and echinoderms are not infrequent. Many cetacean forms have been found at some localities.
The thickness of the Miocene deposits is between 450 feet and 500 feet, and the strata have an average dip of 10 feet in the mile to the southeast.
+ Another formation, the Yorktown, occurs at the summit of the Chesapeake Group in Virginia and North Carolina.
32 Tur Urrrr Creracrous Deposits or MAaryntaAnp
Pliocene ( ?)
The supposed Pliocene is represented by the Brandywine formation which, under the name of Lafayette, has been considered as extending from the Gulf along the Atlantic border region as far northward as Pennsylvania, where the last remnants are found; but recently the Gulf Lafayette has been shown to be made up of the weathered surface mate- rials of many different formations. It is chiefly developed as a terrace lying irregularly and unconformably on whatever older formation chances to be beneath it, whether along the margin of the Piedmont Plateau or the Coastal Plain.
Few fossils have been found, and those not sufficiently distinctive to determine its age. It is known to be younger than the latest Miocene on which it rests and older than the oldest beds hitherto regarded as Pleis- tocene found im its immediate vicinity. It may be either Tertiary or early Quaternary in age, although most authors hitherto have regarded it as probably Pliocene in age.
The materials comprising the Brandywine formation consist of clay, loam, sand, and gravel, which are often highly ferruginous, the iron being often present in the deposits in sufficient amount to act as a cement. These materials are generally very imperfectly sorted. ‘The deposits rarely exceed 50 feet in thickness, and have a southeasterly dip of only a few feet in the mile.
QUATERNARY Pleistocene The Pleistocene deposits consist of a series of surficial materials known under the name of the Columbia Group, which has been divided in Maryland and adjacent States into the Sunderland, Wicomico, and Talbot formations. They consist mainly of a series of terraces which wrap about the Lafayette and the lower portions of the older formations, and hence extend as fluviatile deposits up the stream courses. Fossils have been found particularly in the latest, or Talbot forma- tion, where extensive shell beds of estuarine and marine origin are known. Fossil plants have been found in all the formations. Their
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UPPER CRETACEOUS, PLATE II
Fic. I1.—vIEW OF WHITE ROCKS, PATAPSCO RIVER, SHOWING INDURATED SANDSTONE LEDGES OF RARITAN FORMATION.
Fic. 2.—v1EW OF ROCKY POINT, MOUTH OF BACK RIVER, SHOWING INDURATED SANDSTONE BED IN THE RARITAN FORMATION.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 33
general similarity has made it impossible to establish distinctive floras as a basis for the correlation of the several formations, and their dis- crimination has been based mainly on physiographic grounds.
The materials consist of clay, loam, sand, gravel, peat, and ice-borne boulders. These do not occur as a rule in very definite beds, but grade into each other both vertically and horizontally. The coarser materials are often cross-bedded, and are for the most part confined to the lower portion of each of the formations, while the finer materials, particularly the loam, are commonly found in the upper part of the formations, although these conditions are by no means universal. Hach of the formations rarely exceeds 25 feet or 30 feet in thickness, although under exceptional conditions a thickness of two or three times that amount occurs.
Recent
The Recent deposits embrace chiefly those being laid down to-day over the submarine portion of the Coastal Plain, and along the various estu- aries and streams. To these must also be added such terrestrial deposits as talus, wind-blown sand, and humus. In short, all deposits which are being formed to-day under water or on the land by natural agencies belong to this division of geological time.
The Recent terrace now in process of formation along the ocean shore-line and in the bays and estuaries is the most significant of these deposits, and is the latest of the series of terrace formations which began with the Lafayette, the remnants of which to-day occupy the highest levels of the Coastal Plain, and which has been followed in turn by the Sunderland, Wicomico, and Talbot.
A deposit of almost universal distribution in this climate is the humus or vegetable mold, which being mixed with the weathered surface of the underlying rocks forms our agricultural soils. The intimate relation- ship, therefore, of the soils and underlying geological formations is evi- dent.
Other accumulations in water and on land are going on about us all the time, and with those already described represent the formations of Recent time.
34 Tue Uprer Cretaceous Drrosirs or MAryLAND
HISTORICAL REVIEW.
The Upper Cretaceous formations of Maryland were not generally recognized as such until a very late period in the investigation of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain strata. ven after the Cretaceous age of the lower part of the deposits had been recognized they were associated with the underlying beds which were commonly regarded as Lower Cretaceous, or even in part as Jurassic. The upper beds of the series were, on the other hand, often associated with the overlying Hocene deposits with which in certain places they present much similarity in lithological character. It was not until a relatively recent period that the Upper Cretaceous age of the greater part of these deposits was recognized.
Some of the earlier American geological writings refer in a general way to the territory under discussion. William Maclure in his “ Obser- vations on the Geology of the United States, explanatory of a Geological Map,” in 1809 mentions the region, although in this publication the entire Coastal Plain is referred to the “alluvial formation,” the fourth of the grand divisions of the geological column according to the Wernerian classification which Maclure adopted.
Another early publication in which the district under discussion was mentioned is that of H. H. Hayden entitled: “ Geological Hssays; or an Inquiry into some of the Geological Phenomena to be found in yarious parts of America and elsewhere.” This early publication by a Maryland man was published in Baltimore in 1820.
Gerard Troost im 1821 discusses the occurrence of amber on the
Magothy River in Anne Arundel County in deposits now referred to the Magothy formation. In this article the author refers to the geological
occurrence of the amber and to the associated minerals and fossils.
By far the most important contribution to the stratigraphy of the Coastal Plain that had up to that time appeared was made by John Finch in his “ Geological Essay on the Tertiary Formations in America.” This was the first attempt to correlate the deposits of the Coastal Plain on scientific grounds, and although many comparisons of doubtful value were made, yet the knowledge of American Coastal Plain formations was
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 35
materially advanced. Finch objects to the use of the term “ alluvial ” for these formations and states that they are “ contemporaneous with the newer Secondary and Tertiary formations” of France, England, and other countries.
The credit for the first definite recognition of the Cretaceous deposits of the Atlantic Coastal Plain must be ascribed to Lardner Vanuxem. The results of his observations were placed in the hands of his friend, S. G. Morton, for publication in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where they appeared in 1829. His views were more briefly stated under his own signature in the American Journal of Science later the same year. During the same year, as well as in the year immediately succeeding the publication of Vanuxem’s articles, several contributions were made by S. G. Morton, both in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the American Journal of Science on the organic remains of the Cretaceous deposits of various portions of the country to which he gave the name of “ Fer- Tuginous Sand Formation.” Several forms from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal were described. The results of his investigations were finally combined in 1834 in an important work entitled, “ Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States.” The year following, Morton proposed a division of the Cretaceous of the United States into three groups, and this view was further stated in 1842. The uppermost of these groups, however, is now generally regarded as of Tertiary age.
In 1834 the first State Geological Survey of Maryland was organized under the direction of J. T. Ducatel as State Geologist, and in his report for the year 1835 he makes the first definite statement of the occurrence of Upper Cretaceous marine deposits in Maryland by referring to the presence of “Jersey marl” in Cecil and Kent counties, although he brings forward no paleontological evidence in support of his claim. He further adds in regard to the wider distribution of the Cretaceous that ““we should be cautious not to arrive at general conclusions too hastily.”
In his report for 1836 Ducatel says: “It will be recollected that at the
36 THe Urrrr Creraceous Drrosrrs or MARYLAND
deep cut of the Delaware Canal, lignite and amber were found by Dr. Morton, associated with ammonites, Bacculites and other organic remains of the Secondary epoch. None of these fossils are known to have been detected in our beds; but they have not been so deeply penetrated into, nor so carefully examined. The great deposit of Lignites and Pyrites with amber, on the Magothy River [Anne Arundel County], bears, on the other hand, all the evidences of being a member in the formation to which the micaceous black sand of the Severn [Anne Arundel County], undoubtedly Secondary, is a part.” Again, in his report for 1837 he adds in regard to the section on the “ Eastern Shore” at the head of the Sassafras River, that “at George Town [Kent County] the high river banks are composed of a ferruginous sand, in some places indurated, overlying a mixed green sand, without fossils; but on ascending the river the green sand is freer from foreign admixture, and at the Head of Sassa- fras becomes quite pure and filled with marine shells, the principal kinds of which are the terrebratula Harlani and gryphea vomer.”
During part of the period that Ducatel was conducting the Geological Survey of Maryland, J. S. Booth was State Geologist of Delaware. The results of the latter’s work were finally summarized in 1841 in his “ Memoir of the Geological Survey of the State of Delaware,” in which he divided the “ Upper Secondary” of the Delaware area into the “ Red Clay ” and the “ Green Sand ” formations.
The visit of Charles Lyell to the United States in 1841 was ah impor- tant event in the history of Coastal Plain geology. The imspiring pres- ence of the author of the epoch-making “ Principles of Geology,” coupled with his wide knowledge regarding similar deposits im Europe, led to renewed activities in the field of Coastal Plain geology and the better interpretation under his leadership of many points which had up to that time been but imperfectly understood. Although Lyell’s observa- tions were more significant in the field of Tertiary than that of Cre- taceous geology, still numerous references were made to the latter. In his contributions to the subject he correlated the American Cretaceous with the divisions between the Gault and Maestricht of Europe and also
MaryLAnp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 37
pointed out the fact that Morton’s uppermost division of the Cretaceous was really of Hocene age.
Philip T. Tyson in 1860, in his first report as State Agricultural Chemist, referred to the Cretaceous fossiliferous greensand of the Eastern Shore of Maryland and also mentioned the occurrence of the same forma- tion to the south of Baltimore, although the latter observation was not substantiated by authentic paleontological data. He, furthermore, recog- nized the presence of some of the New Jersey Cretaceous divisions upon the Eastern Shore of Maryland but made little or no attempt at their delimitation.
For many years sugsequent to Tyson’s work nothing of importance was accomplished in the interpretation of the Cretaceous deposits of Mary- land. In 1889, however, the writer described the presence of fossiliferous Upper Cretaceous beds in Anne Arundel and Prince George’s counties, Maryland, a number of highly fossiliferous localities bemg found at various points throughout this area. Many well-known Cretaceous fossils already described from the New Jersey formations were recognized and listed in this publication.
Subsequent to the publication of this article further investigations were carried on by the writer and his associates on the Cretaceous deposits of the state. At the same time a number of other students were engaged in a study of this and adjacent areas, among them P. R. Uhler and N. H. Darton, who proposed names for several of the formational units, Uhler proposing the names Baltimorean and Albirupean, the former represent- ing the Potomac deposits described in the Maryland Geological Survey report on the Lower Cretaceous and the Albirupean portions of the non- marine strata younger than the Potomac that are discussed in the present report. Darton proposed the name Magothy formation for the deposits overlying the Raritan, and the name Severn for the still later Cretaceous deposits of the state which the author of this chapter has correlated with the Matawan and Monmouth formations established in New Jersey and which contain quite distinctive faunas.
The relations of the Cretaceous deposits throughout the northern half of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, including Maryland, Delaware, and New
38
Tue Uprrer Creracrous Drposrrs or MaryLanp
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MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 39
Jersey, were discussed by the writer in an article that appeared in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America in 1894, and these con- clusions are still further elaborated with the collaboration of his asso- ciates in the same publication in 1897. A later statement in which com- parisons are also instituted with the South Atlantic and Gulf Upper Cretaceous is found in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America for 1908 and in Professional Paper No. 71 of the U. 8. Geological Survey for 1912. |
In later years Edward W. Berry has made a very exhaustive study of the fossil plants of the Upper Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and many brief contributions have been made by him on various phases of this subject. The results of these studies are incorporated in the exten- sive discussion which he has prepared for the present volume.
Still more recently Julia A. Gardner has been engaged in a study of the animal remains from the Upper Cretaceous beds of the state, and the results of her investigations are likewise published in the present volume.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1809
Macturn, Wm. Observations on the Geology of the United States, explanatory of a Geological Map. (Read Jan. 20, 1809.) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 0. s. vol. vi, 1908, pp. 411-428.
1817
Macrure, Wu. Observations on the Geology of the United States of America, with some remarks on the effect produced on the nature and fertility of soils by the decomposition of the different classes of rocks. With two plates. 12mo. Phila., 1817.
1818 Macturz, Wm. Observations on the Geology of the United States of America, with some remarks on the probable effect that may be pro- duced by the decomposition of the different classes of Rocks on the
nature and fertility of Soils. Two plates. Republished in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. i, n. s., 1818, pp. 1-91.
40 Tuer Upper Creracnous Deposits or MaryLAnp
MircHett, Samuren L. Cuyier’s Essay on the Theory of the Earth. To which are now added Observations on the Geology of North America. 8yo. 431 pp. Plates. New York, 1818.
1820
Haypen, H. H. Geological Essays; or an Inquiry into some of the Geological Phenomena to be found in various parts of America and else- where. 8vo. 412 pp. Baltimore, 1820.
1821
Troost, G. Description of a variety of Amber and of a Fossil Sub- stance supposed to be the nest of an Insect discovered at Cape Sable,
Magothy River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. iii, 1821, pp. 8-15.
1824
Fixcu, Jonny. Geological Essay on the Tertiary Formations in America. (Read Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., July 15, 1823.) Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. vii, 1824, pp. 31-43.
1825 Troost, G. Description and Chemical Analyses of the Retinasphalt discovered at Cape Sable, Magothy River, Anne Arundel County, Md.
(Read ‘Dec. 19, 1823.) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., n. s., vol. ii, 1825, pp. 110-115.
1827
Morton, 8. G. Description of a new species of Ostrea; with some
Remarks on the O. convexa of Say. Read May 1, 1827. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. vi, 1827, pp. 50-51.
1828
Morton, 8S. G. Description of two new species of Fossil Shells of the genus Scaphites and Crepidula: with some observations on the Ferru- ginous Sand, Plastic Clay, and Upper Marine Formations of the United
States. (Read June 17, 1828.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. vi, 1828, pp. 107-119.
Maryianp GrotogicaL SurvEY 41
1829
Morton, 8. G. Description of the Fossil Shells which characterize the Atlantic Secondary Formation of New Jersey and Delaware: including
four new species. (Read Dec. 11, 1827; Jan. 1, 1828.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. vi, 1829, pp. 72-100, plates iii-vi.
Vanuxem, LarpNer. Geological Observations on Secondary, Tertiary, and Alluvial formations of the Atlantic coast of the United States of America. Arranged from the Notes of Lardner Vanuxem by S. G.
Morton. (Read Jan. 8, 1828.) ‘Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. vi, 1829, pp. 59-71.
Remarks on the characters and classification of certain
American Rock Formations [in a letter to Professor Cleaveland]. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xvi, 1829, pp. 254-256.
1830
Morton, SAMUEL G. Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Ferru-
ginous Sand Formation of the United States, with Geological remarks. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xvii, 1830, pp. 274-295; vol. xviii, 1830, pp. 243-250.
Additional observations on the Geology and Organic Remains
of New Jersey and Delaware. (Read Jan. 19, July 6, 1830.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. vi, 1829, pp. 189-204.
1831 Broneniart, AtEx. Rapport sur un Mémoire de M. Dufresnoy, Ingénieur des Mines, ayant pour titre: Des Caractéres particuliers que
présente le terrain de Craie dans le Sud de la France et sur les pentes
des Pyrénées. Fait a Acad. roy. d. Sci., Apr., 1831. Annales des Se. Naturelles, t. xxii, 1831, pp. 436-463, plate xiv.
1832
Duranp, Eras. On the Green Color and Nature of the coloring Agent of the Water of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, near the first lock on the Chesapeake side.
Jour. Phila. Col. of Pharmacy, vol. iii, 1832, pp. 276-277.
42 Tue Upper Cretaceous Drprosits or MARYLAND
Morton, 8. G. On the analogy which exists between the Marl of New
Jersey, &c., and the Chalk formation of Europe.
Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xxii, 1832, pp. 90-95. Published separately.
1833 Fincu, I. Travels in the United States of America and Canada. 8yo. 455 pp. London, 1833.
Morton, SamvuEL G. Supplement to the “Synopsis of the Organic
Remains of the Ferruginous Sand Formation of the United States,” con-—
tained in vols. xvii and xviii of this Journal. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xxiii, 1833, pp. 288-294; vol. xxiv, 1833, pp. 128-132, plate ix.
1834 Ducatet, J. T., and ALExanDrR, J. H. Report on the Projected Sur- vey of the State of Maryland, pursuant to a resolution of the General
Assembly. 8vo. 39 pp. Annapolis, 1834. Map.
Md. House of Delegates, Dec. Sess., 1833, 8vo., 39 pp.
Another edition, Annapolis, 1834, 8vo, 58 pp. and map.
Another edition, Annapolis, 1834, 8vo, 43 pp., and folded table.
Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xxvii, 1835, pp. 1-38.
Morton, 8. G. Synopsis of the organic remains of the Cretaceous eroup of the United States. To which is added an appendix containing a tabular view of the Tertiary fossils hitherto discovered in North
America. 8yo. 88 pp. Phila., 1834. (Abst.) Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xxvii, 1835, pp. 377-381.
1835 Ducarrx, J.T. Geologist’s report, 1834.
Another edition. Report of the Geologist to the Legislature of Maryland, 1834. n.d. 8 vo. 50 pp. 2 maps and folded tables.
Morton, 8. G. Notice of the fossil teeth of Fishes of the United States, the discovery of the Galt in Alabama, and a proposed division of the American Cretaceous Group.
Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xxviii, 1835, pp. 276-278.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 43
Rurrin, Epmunp. An Hssay on Calcareous Manures. 8vo. 2d Hd. 116 pp. Shellbanks, Va., 1835. Reviewed: Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xxx, 1836, pp. 138-163.
1836
Ducatet, J. T. Report of the Geologist. n.d. 8vo. pp. 35-84. Plate.
Separate publication (see Ducatel and Alexander, Md. Pub. Doc., Dec: Sess., 1835).
1837 Ducaten, J. T., and AtpxanpEr, J. H. Report on the New Map of
Maryland, 1836. 8yo. 104 pp. and 5 maps. Annapolis, 1837.
Md. House of Delegates, Sess. Dec., 1836. Another edition, 117 pp.
1838 DucateL, J. T. Annual Report of the Geologist of Maryland, 1837. 8vo. 39, 1 pp. and 2 maps. Md. Pub. Doc., Dec. Sess., 1837. 1841 Bootu, J. C. Memoir of the Geological Survey of the State of Dela- ware; including the application of the Geological Observations to Agri- culture. [-XI. 9-188 pp. Dover, 1841.
1842 Morton, 8. G. Description of some new species of Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group of the United States: with a Tabular View of the Fossils hitherto discovered in this Formation. (Read Oct. 12 and Nov. 7,
1841; Jan. 25, 1842.) Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. viii, pt. ii, 1842, pp. 207-227.
1845
Liyett, Cuas. Notes on the Cretaceous Strata of New Jersey and
other Parts of the United States bordering the Atlantic. Proc. Geol. Soc. London, vol. vi, 1843-1845, pp. 301-306. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. i, 1845, pp. 55-60. (Abst.) Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xlvii, 1847, pp. 213-214.
44. Tuer Upper Creracrous Drpostrts or MaryLanp
1853
Conrap, T. A. Descriptions of New Fossil shells of the United States. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., vol. ii, 1853, pp. 273-276.
1859
Gass, W. M. Description of some new Species of Cretaceous Fossils.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd ser., vol. iv, 1858-1860, pp. 290-305.
Refers to several fossils from Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, pp. 300, 302, 308.
1860
Tyson, P. T. First Report of Philip T. Tyson, State Agricultural Chemist, to the House of Delegates of Maryland, Jan., 1860. 8yo. 145 pp. Annapolis, 1860. Maps.
Md. Sen. Doc. [E]. Md. House Doe. [C].
1865
Conran, I’. A. Obesryations on the Eocene Lignite Formation of the
United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. xvii, 1865, pp. 70-73. (Abst.) Amer. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. xl, 1865, pp. 265-268.
1873
ANon. Geology of Maryland.
New Topographic Atlas of Maryland by Martenet, Walling and Gray, Balti- more, 1873, pp. 12-16. : 1874 Hagen, H. A. On Amber in North America. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi, 1874, pp. 296-301.
1884
CHESTER, FREDERICK D. Preliminary notes on the Geology of Dela- ware—Laurentian, Palezoic, and Cretaceous Areas.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. xxxiv, 1884, pp. 237-259.
Livermore and Dexter. [A collection of fossil earths, and minerals from the deep cut of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, with memoir and profile of geological strata developed in progress of work, presented
on July 17, 1829.] From Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1743-1838. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. xxii (2), 1884, p. 594.
MaryLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 45
Waits, C. A. A review of the Fossil Ostreidae of North America, and a comparison of the Fossil with Living Forms. Appendix I by Angelo Heilprin: North American Tertiary Ostreidae. Appendix II by John
A. Rider: A Sketch of the Life History of the Oyster.
4th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1882-83, Washington, 1884, pp.281-430. (See Heilprin.)
1886
McGzz, W J Geography and Topography of the head of Chesapeake Bay. (Read to Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., 1886.) (Abst.) Amer. Jour. Sci., 3 ser., vol. xxxii, 1886, p. 323.
1888
McGerz, W J The Geology of the Head of Chesapeake Bay.
7th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1885-86, Washington, 1888, pp. 537-646, plates lvi-Ixxi. (Abst.) Amer. Geol., vol. i, 1887, pp. 113-115.
1891
Wuits, C. A. Correlation papers—Cretaceous.
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 82, 1891. House Misc. Doc., 52d Cong., 1st sess., vol. xx, No. 25.
1892
Unter, P. R. Albirupean Studies. Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., vol. i, 1890-92, pp. 185-202.
1893
Boyz, C. B. A Catalogue and Bibliography of North American Mesozoic Invertebrata.
Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 102, 1893, pp. 1-313.
House Misc. Doc., 52d Cong., 2d sess., vol. xxiv, No. 7.
Ciark, Wu. Butiock. A Preliminary Report on the Cretaceous and Tertiary Formations of New Jersey; with especial reference to Mon- mouth and Middlesex Counties.
N. J. Geol. Sury., Ann. Rept. for 1892 (1893), pp. 167-239, 4 pls., map.
Darton, N. H. The Magothy Formation of Northeastern Maryland. Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xlv, 1893, pp. 407-419, map.
4
46 Tut Upper Cretaceous Drposirs or MAryLAnp
Cenozoic History of Eastern Virginia and Maryland.
Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. v, 1893, p. 24. (Abst.) Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xlvi, 1893, p. 305.
1894
Criark, WM. Buttock. Origin and Classification of the Green Sands
of New Jersey. Jour. Geol., vol. ii, 1894, pp. 161-177.
(Abst.) Amer. Geol., vol. xiii, 1894, p. 210. Danton, N. H. An outline of the Cenozoic History of a Portion of
the Middle Atlantic Slope. Jour. Geol., vol. ii, 1894, pp. 568-587.
1895
Ciarxk, Wm. Butnock. Cretaceous Deposits of the Northern Half of
the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. vi, 1895, pp. 479-482.
Roperts, D. E. Note on the Cretaceous Formations of the Eastern
Shore of Maryland. Johns Hopkins Univ. Cir. No. 121, vol. xv, 1895, p. 16.
1896
Darton, N. H. Artesian Well Prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Region.
Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 138, 1896, 228 pp., 19 plates.
House Misc. Doc., 54th Cong., 2d sess., vol. —, No. 28.
Kyow tron, F. H. American Amber-producing Tree. Science, n. s., vol. iii, 1896, pp. 582-584.
Marsu, O. C. The Jurassic formation on the Atlantic Coast. Amer. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. ii, 1896, pp. 433-447.
Roserts, Davip BE. Note on the Cretaceous formations of the Hastern
Shore of Maryland. J. H. U. Cire., vol. xv, 1896, pp. 16, 17.
Warp, L. F. Age of the Island Series. Science, n. s., vol. iv, 1896, pp. 757-760.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 47
1897
Crarx, Wu. Buttock, and Bispins, ArrHur. The stratigraphy of
the Potomac group in Maryland. Jour. Geol., vol. v, 1897, pp. 497-506. :
— , Baee, R. M., and SHattuck, G. B. Upper Cretaceous Forma- tions of New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.
Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, 1897, pp. 315-358, pls. xl-l.
Warp, Luster. Professor Fontaine and Doctor Newberry on the age of the Potomac formation.
Science, n. s., vol. v, 1897, pp. 411-423. 1898
Kwow.iton, F. H. A Catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary plants
of North America. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 152, 1898, 152 pp.
1902
Berry, Epwarp W. Notes on Sassafras. Bot. Gaz., vol. xxxiv, 1902, pp. 426-450.
Avalia in American Paleobotany. Bot. Gaz., vol. xxxvi, 1903, pp. 421-428.
The American Species referred to Thinnfeldia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xxx, 1903, pp. 438-445.
Bonste#eL, J. A. Soil Survey of Prince George’s County, Md.
Field Oper. Bureau Soils, 1901, U. S. Dept. Agri., Third Rept. Bureau of Soils, 1902, pp. 173-210, pls. xxi-xxv, with map.
Dorszy, C. W., and Bonstuzt, J. A. The Soils of Cecil County. Md. Geol. Survey, Cecil County, 1902, pp. 227-248, pls. xx-xxii, with map.
Ciark, Wm. Buttock, and Bresins, A. Geology of the Potomac
group in the middle Atlantic Slope. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. xiii, 1902, pp. 187-214, pls. xxii-xxviii.
Riss, H. Report on the Clays of Maryland. Md. Geol. Survey, vol. iv, 1902, pp. 205-505, pls. xix-lxix.
Smarruck, G. B., and others. The Physical Features of Cecil County. Md. Geol. Survey, Rept. on Cecil Co., 1902, 322 pp., 30 pls., 24 figs.
48 Tur Upper Creracrous Deposits or MaryLanp
1905
Berry, KEpwarp W. Fossil grasses and sedges. Amer. Nat., vol. xxxix, 1905, pp. 30-33.
A Palm from the mid-Cretaceous. Torreya, vol. v, 1905, pp. 30-33.
—-—. A Ficus confused with Proteoides. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull. vol. v, 1905, pp. 327-330.
—. Fossil Plants along the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. N. Y. Bot. Garden, Jour., vol. vii, 1906, pp. 5-7.
The Flora of the Cliffwood Clays. N. J. Geol. Survey, Ann. Dept. for 1905, 1906, pp. 135-172.
Contributions to the Mesozoic flora of the Atlantic Coastal Plam. I. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. xxxiii, 1906, pp. 163-182.
1906
Ciark, WM. BuLLock, and MatHEws, Epwarp B. Report on the
Physical Features of Maryland (with map). Md. Geol. Survey, vol. vi, pt. i, 1906.
Minter, Benzamin L. Dover Folio.” Explanatory Sheets. U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas., folio No. 137, 1906.
1907
Berry, Epwarp W. New Species of Plants from the Magothy Forma- tion. J. H. U. Cire., n. s., 1907, No. 7, pp. 82-89.
The Stomata in Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius (Lesq.).
J. H. U. Cire., n. s., 1907, No. 7, pp. 89-91. : CiarK, Wm. Buttock. The Classification adopted by the U. S. Geo- logical Survey for the Cretaceous deposits of New Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland and Virginia. J. H. U. Cire., vol. xxvi, 1907, pp. 589-592.
SHatTtTucK, G. B., Mintzer, B. L., and Bisprns, ARTHUR. Patuxent
Folio. Explanatory Sheets. U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, folio No. 152, 1907.
Maryianp Gronogican SurvEY "49
STEPHENSON, L. W. Some facts relating to the Mesozoic deposits of
the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. J. H. U. Cire., vol. xxvi, 1907, No. 7, pp. 93-99.
WELLER, Stuart. A Report on the Cretaceous Paleontology of New Jersey. Geol. Survey of N. J., vol. iv, 1907, text vol. 871 pp., plate vol. cxi pls.
1908
Brrry, Epwarp W. Some Araucarian remains from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. xxxv, 1908, pp. 249-260.
A new Cretaceous Bauhinia. Torreya, vol. viii, 1908, pp. 218, 219. 1909 Ciark, Wm. ButiocK. Some results of investigation of the Coastal Plain formations of the area between Massachusetts and North Carolina. (Abst.) Science, n. s., vol. xxix, 1909, pp. 629. Description of the Philadelphia district. (With Florence Bascom and others.) U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, folio No. 162, 1909, 23 pp., 12 pls. 1910 Berry, Epwarp W. Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. IV. Maryland. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. xxxvii, 1910, pp. 19-29. CLARK, WM. Buniock. Results of a recent investigation of the Coastal Plain formations in the area between Massachusetts and North Carolina. Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. xx, 1908, pp. 646-654. 1911
Berry, Epwarp W. Contributions to the Mesozoic Flora of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain. VII. Torrey Bot. Club, Bull., vol. xxxviii, 1911, pp. 399-424.
The Flora of the Raritan Formation. Bull. 3, Geol. Survey of N. J., 1911, 233 pp., 29 pls.
50 Tuer Upprr Cretacnous Diposirs or MAaryLanp
Mitter, B. L., and others. The Physical Features of Prince George’s County. Md. Geol. Survey, Rept. on Prince George’s Co., 1911, 251 pp., 13 pls., 3 figs. 1912 Berry, Epwarp W. Notes on the genus Widdringtonites. Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. xxxix, 1912, pp. 341-348. CiarKk, WM. Buttock. Atlantic Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to North
Carolina, inclusive. In U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper No. 71, 1912, pp. 608-614.
and Miter, B. L., and others. Physiography and Geology of the Coastal Plain Province of Virginia.
Va. Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 4, 1912, 272 pp. and SrEPpHENSON, L. W., Miuipr, B. L., and others. The
Coastal Plain of North Carolina. N. C. Geol. Survey, vol. iii, 1912, 552 pp., 42 pls.
1914 Brrry, Epwarp W. Contributions to the Mesozoic flora of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. X. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xli, 1914, pp. 295-300. STEPHENSON, L. W. The Cretaceous deposits of the Hastern Gulf Region and species of Hxogyra from the Eastern Gulf Region and the
Carolinas. Prof. Paper, U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 81, 1914, 77 pp., 21 pls.
STRATIGRAPHIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS
The Upper Cretaceous deposits of Maryland extend from the Delaware border with gradually decreasing thicknesses to the valley of the Potomac River, where they finally disappear in surface outcrop by the trans- gression of the Tertiary deposits, which in Virginia rest directly on Lower Cretaceous strata.
The Upper Cretaceous deposits of Maryland are much less extensively developed than to the northward in New Jersey, where they attain their
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 51
greatest thickness in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain and where they have been differentiated into a larger number of stratigraphic units than are recognizable in Maryland. The gradual transgression of the Tertiary deposits southward has also covered the uppermost formations of the New Jersey area which have not been recognized southwest of the Dela- ware line.
The Upper Cretaceous strata consist of sands, clays, and marls, the latter both caleareous and glauconitic. The marls, especially the green- sand marls, are confined to the higher formations of the Upper Cre- taceous and are most extensively developed im the Monmouth formation, where the beds are at times highly glauconitic. The strata are rarely consolidated, although imdurated beds are found in the Raritan where they constitute the ledges at Rocky Point at the mouth of Back River, Baltimore County, and at the White Rocks, and on Stony and Rock creeks, Anne Arundel County. Indurated beds are also found in the Magothy formation on Magothy River, and less frequently in the Matawan and Monmouth formations, although here and there inconspicuous layers are developed in these formations both on the Eastern and Western shores.
The strata have in general a progressively lower dip to the southeast- ward im passing upward in the series, the dip varying from 30 feet to 35 feet in the mile in the lowest formation to not over 25 feet in the mile in the highest. The deposits apparently thicken slightly down the dip, although they probably thin farther to the seaward, as already discussed in the case of the Lower Cretaceous strata.
The stratigraphic relations do not indicate any marked unconformities beyond the gradual transgression of each succeeding formation over the preceding formation southward, although the Monmouth formation over- laps the Matawan entirely in central Prince George’s County and overlies the Magothy formation directly for a considerable distance in this area. The materials comprising the several formations are, however, in the main more or less distinctive, and it is probable that considerable time intervals mark the stratigraphic. breaks.
The Raritan and Magothy formations are of epicontinental origin, the marine waters nowhere reaching the area of recognized deposition in
52 THe Upper Cretacrous Drposits or Marybanp
Maryland in Raritan time, although possibly entering the region in the southern part of the district during the Magothy epoch as has been shown to be true in New Jersey in the vicinity of Cliffwood. The organic remains therefore of the Raritan and Magothy are chiefly of vegetable origin and represent a still further advance in development over the floras of the Patapsco formation of the Lower Cretaceous. With the opening of Matawan time the marine waters transgressed upon the land, and we find during the Matawan and Monmouth epochs a deposition of marine sediments containing an extensive fauna of Upper Cretaceous age.
The molluscan fauna of the Upper Cretaceous of Maryland includes 223 species, 129 pelecypods, 84 gastropods, 1 scaphopod and 9 cephalopods. These are segregated into 53 genera and 32 families of pelecypods, 38 genera and 26 families of gastropods, 1 genus and 1 family of scaphopods and 8 genera and 8 families of cephalopods.
All of the Upper Cretaceous horizons except the Raritan have yielded invertebrate fossils. The Magothy fauna, however, is very meager, con- sisting of 5 or possibly 6 species of bivalves and 1 univalve. Three out of the 6 or 7 species are restricted in their known distribution to the Magothy, 1 has not been recognized except from the Magothy and Mata- wan, 1 or possibly 2 range through the Magothy, Matawan and Mon- mouth and 1, the ubiquitous Pecten quinquecostatus, occurs at all hori- zons from the Magothy to the Rancocas.
The Matawan fauna is quite prolific, 75 or possibly as many as 83 species in all, cluding 48 to 53 pelecypods, 21 or 22 gastropods and 6 cephalopods. Approximately 57 per cent of these species are restricted to the Matawan. The restricted pelecypods are rather less than 50 per cent of the total, but 16 out of 22 of the gastropods and all of the cephalo- pods are peculiar. The strongest affinities of the fauma are with the Monmouth, 29 to 36 species, almost 43 per cent, beimg common to the two formations, while only 3 or possibly 4 species range downward and only 3, all of them bivalves, persist into the Rancocas. However, it is probable that if the Magothy and Rancosas formations were as well represented as the Matawan and Monmouth the number of common species would be
greatly increased.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 53
The Monmouth fauna is much the most prolific of any of the Upper Cretaceous faunas of Maryland; 158 or possibly 164 forms have been specifically determined, and there are a number of other species, most of ' them new, which have been disregarded because they are too poorly pre- served to serve as types. Over 80 per cent of this fauna is peculiar. As in the Matawan fauna, the percentage of restricted pelecypods is much lower than that of either the gastropods or cephalopods; only a little more than 70 per cent of the Monmouth bivalves are peculiar to the horizon, while about 94 per cent of the univalves and all three of the cephalopods are restricted to that formation. Not more than 3 or possibly 4 of the 164 species run down into the Magothy, although about 22 per cent of the Monmouth forms occur in the Matawan. The Monmouth and Rancocas have only 5 species in common, 3 of the 5 being wide-ranging forms which are initiated before the opening of the Monmouth. The other 2 occur only in the Monmouth and Rancocas.
The Rancocas fauna is only imperfectly known. Gastropods undoubt- edly are present, but none were found in a determinable state, so that all of the 8 species recorded are bivalves. Out of the 8, 3 are restricted in their known distribution to the Rancocas, 2 to the Monmouth and Ran- cocas, 2 to the Matawan, Monmouth and Rancocas, and 1 extends down- ward as far as the Magothy. Gryplea vomer has not been reported from the Rancocas of Delaware, although it occurs at a similar horizon in New Jersey. It is the only Upper Cretaceous mollusk of Maryland which is known to survive the break between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic.
From a biologic pot of view the most interesting feature of the fauna is the relatively large number of Prionodesmacea, 75 out of the 129 bivalves, almost 53 per cent, being included in the most primitive of the three pelecypod orders. In the succeeding Hocene of Maryland only 24 out of 55, or 44 per cent, are referable to the Prionodesmacea, and in the Miocene of Maryland only 53 out of 187, or 28 per cent of the entire number.
A few of the genera represented, notably Perissonota, Nemodon and Paranomia, all of them described by Conrad from Hast Coast species, have not been recognized excepting from the Upper Cretaceous. Inoce-
54 Tue Upper Creracrous Drposirs or MaryLanp
ramus and Haogyra, though not restricted to the Cretaceous, are char- acteristic of it, while Gryph@a and Trigonia reach their culmination in the middle and upper Mesozoic. The Cretaceous representatives of the more highly specialized orders, the Anomalodesmacea and the Teleodes- macea, are conspicuously distinct from the later types. Of the four Anomalodesmacean genera, two of them, Periplomya and Liopistha are restricted to the Cretaceous; Pholadomya is distinctly Cretaceous in its affinities, though it persists in greatly diminished numbers even to the Recent, while Cuspidaria was likewise initiated in the mid-Mesozoic, and though wide-ranging has never been a major factor in any fauna.
The Teleodesmacea, the most highly organized order, is much less important, relatively, than m the Cenozoic faunas. The genera are more specialized than in the Prionodesmacea, and many of those identified im the fauna under discussion are either restricted to or characteristic of the Cretaceous. ‘The sole representative of the Cypricardiacea is the abun- dant Veniella, a typically Cretaceous genus, although persistent to the Tertiary. The comparatively modern Crassatellites is the most abundant member of the Astartacean fauna, although Crassatellina and a number of undeterminable species of Hriphyla, both of them genera restricted to the Cretaceous, are also present. The Carditacea are represented by a single rare species of Venericardia, the Lucinacea by a rare Myrtea and the Rancocas Phacoides noxontownensis, together with the prolific Cre- taceous Tenea of rather uncertain affinities. Cardiwm is abundant during the late Mesozoic, as it is during the later Cenozoic. The Venerids are rather primitive; the prolific Cyprimeria, and Legumen do not survive the emergence at the close of the Mesozoic, while the more modern Dosimia, Cyclina and Meretrix are known from less than a dozen indi- viduals. The prolific species of Tellinacea are all of them included under genera restricted in their distribution to the Cretaceous, 1. e., Tellinimera, Ainona and Linearia, although the true Tellina is also present. Neither of the Solenacean genera, Leptosolen or Solyma, survives the close of the Mesozoic, nor does the prolific Cymbophora, the single representative of the Mactracea. Both of the Myacea, however, Corbula and Panope, are abundant in the Tertiary and Recent seas, as well as in the Cretaceous,
cr Or
MaryLaNp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
while all of the Adesmacea, Martesia, Pholas and Teredo, are initiated before the beginning of the Cretaceous and long survive its close.
The late Mesozoic affinities of the Gastropods are quite as obvious as those of the Pelecypods. Avellana, the Opisthobranch genus which is represented by the largest number of species, 1s restricted to the Cre- taceous together with the closely allied Cinulia. Acteon and Ringicula were well established in the Mesozoic, although they are more closely identified with the Tertiary faunas. Haminea, Acteocina and Cylichna are all modern types which had a meager representation in the late Mesozoic. The Pleurotomids did not reach their culmination until the Tertiary, although they were no insignificant factor in the Upper Cre- taceous faunas. The Volutide are a very highly specialized group and the genera referable to it are, for the most part, very restricted in strati- graphic distirbution. ostellites, Volutomorpha and Liopeplum all were initiated in considerable numbers durig the Upper Cretaceous, but none survived its close. The group of the Pulguride, Fasciolariide, and Fuside is represented by a number of highly specialized genera, prolific during the Upper Cretaceous but apparently restricted to it, notably Pyropsis, most closely allied to Tudicla, and Serrifusus of the Fulguride, Piesto- chilus and Odontofusus of the Fasciolarude, and Pyrifusus of the Fuside. Pugnellus, the single representative of the Strombide, is also restricted to the Cretaceous, while Anchura of the Aporrhaide occurs in the Jura as well. The Cerithude and Scalarude occur but very rarely. Laai- spira, the one genus of the Vermitidae which can be determined with assurance, has not been recognized excepting from the Cretaceous. Other members of the family probably occur, but it is difficult to separate them from the tubiculous worms. The Turritellide as represented by the type species are remarkably prolific in the Mesozoic as well as in the Cenozoic. Pseudomelania, the characteristic Mesozoic genus of the Pyramidellide, was rather more abundant during the early and mid-Mesozoic than near its close. The occurrence of the Xenophoride and the Solariide is insig- nificant. Gyrodes, the most abundant genus of the Naticide in the fauna under discussion, is restricted to the Upper Cretaceous, while Lunatia and Amauropsis have a much wider range. The Trochide@ are represented
56 Tur Upprr Cretaceous Drposits or MaryLanp
by Margarites which was probably initiated before the opening of the Cretaceous and still persists. The ancient family of the Huomphalide includes a species which has been rather dubiously referred to Discoheliz, a genus which is particularly characteristic of the Lias, although it has been reported from the Trias to the Oligocene. The occurrence of the single scaphopod is without significance.
Only Butrephoceras among the cephalopods survived the close of the Mesozoic and that genus only into the Tertiary. All of the Ammonoids— Pachydiscus, Baculites, Scaphites, Sphenodiscus, Placenticeras and Mor- toniceras—are restricted in their distribution to the Cretaceous, while the Dibranch Belemmitella has not been recognized excepting from the Upper Cretaceous.
THE Raritan ForMATION
NaME aNnpD Synonymy.—The Raritan formation, so named by the writer * from the Raritan River, New Jersey, in the basin of which it is typically developed, was later applied to deposits of the same age in Dela- ware and Maryland.” The term Plastic or Amboy Clays had hitherto been employed for this formation in New Jersey. Uhler included much of the Raritan in his Albirupean formation which, however, also embraced por- tions of the Patapsco and Patuxent formations in both Maryland and Virginia. McGee at the same time apparently included portions of the Raritan in his Potomac formation, although much of the Raritan both in Maryland as well as farther north was not included. Ward and other writers endeavored later to place all of the Raritan deposits in the Potomac group with which, however, they should not be combined either on strati- graphic or paleontologic grounds. The-term Potomac group is therefore employed only for the Patuxent, Arundel, and Patapsco formations of Lower Cretaceous age.
AREAL DistRIBUTION.—The Raritan formation extends across the state in a constantly narrowing belt from the Delaware line to the Potomac
1Clark, Wm. Bullock, Ann. Rept. of the State Geologist of New Jersey for the year 1892, pp. 181-186, 1893.
2 Clark, Wm. Bullock, Bull. Geol. Soe. Amer., vol. vi, p. 480, 1894. Clark and Bibbins, Jour. Geol., vol. v, pp. 492-494, 1897.
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UPPER CRETACEOUS, PLATE Ill
VIEW OF GLASS SAND QUARRY NEAR STONY POINT, SHOWING RARITAN FORMATION UNCONFORMABLY OVERLAIN BY THE MAGOTHY FORMATION.
Fic. 2.—VIEW OF “CAPE SABLE” (NORTH FERRY POINT), MAGOTHY RIVER, SHOWING TYPE SECTION OF MAGOTHY FORMATION, LIGNITE BED WITH AMBER PELLETS AT BASE.
or ~
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
River. In Cecil County the width of outerop attains a maximum of five to six miles along the dip, which is gradually reduced toward the south- east although expanding to some extent in northern Anne Arundel County until in central and southern Prince George’s County it consists only of a narrow belt at times interrupted for considerable distances along the bluffs facing the Potomac River. The surface continuity of the formation is also interrupted by the waters of the Chesapeake Bay and the larger streams which flow across its outcrop. Outliers are found in the higher hills to the south and southwest of Elkton, and also in northern Anne Arundel and Prince George’s counties where they occur at times several miles to the west of the main outcrop.
LitHoLocic CHARACTERS.—The Raritan formation consists largely of white or buff sands and white, pink, drab, or variegated clays, the strata changing rapidly im character both horizontally and vertically. The sands over wide areas form beds of nearly pure silicious grains and when dry are very white in color showing the presence of a very small per- centage of hydroxide of iron. The white sands are more extensively developed in the upper part of the formation. The lower strata are gen- erally much more highly colored and often indurated by the deposit of larger quantities of iron oxide which at times produces a characteristic tube-like structure, these deposits being known as “ pipe ore.” The indu- rated beds as already stated are well shown at Rocky Point near the mouth of Back River in Baltimore County as well as along the lower courses of Rocky and Stony creeks on the south side of the Patapsco River and at White Rocks in the immediate vicinity. It is the latter locality which afforded the name Albirupean employed by Uhler for the formation which he established to include these and other deposits. The upper, purer silicious beds have been extensively exploited as glass sands and large pits have been opened along the upper reaches of the Severn River.
Very coarse sands and even gravels are found at times well sorted but rarely with angular cobbles, in this respect differing from the Patuxent formation in which such materials not infrequently occur. At the same time the sands and gravels contain very little arkosic material which is so characteristic a feature of the Patuxent. The coarser sands and gravels
58 THE Upper Cretaceous Deposits or Marynanp
occur in irregular lenses at various horizons. These coarse beds are often so firmly cemented by hydroxide of iron that they have been employed locally for rough structural purposes. On Elk Neck rain pillars capped by imdurated masses have been observed.
Sandy clays and clays occur as lenses at all horizons, the latter in very variable colors, at times white, but more frequently yellow, drab, or highly variegated, in this latter case being similar to the variegated clays of the Patapsco formation. Such clays are well exposed in the high bluffs at Worton Point, Kent County. The darker clays are at times lgnitic and pyritic; and also contain small nodules of iron carbonate. The clays in places show thin partings of sand at regular or irregular intervals, which when near together give the clay a fissile character. At times isolated patches very rich in iron oxide are locally known as “ Paint Pots,” while the highly variegated layers of clay, also rich in iron oxide, have been referred to as “ Peach Blossom Clays.”
The deposits of the Raritan formation are in the main quite distinct from those of the underlying Patapsco formation, but are more nearly like those of the Magothy formation which, however, lacks the highly colored beds that are found here and there in the Raritan. At the same time the Magothy formation consists more largely of definitely stratified layers which betoken the beginning of the more distinctly open water stratification of the later Cretaceous formations.
Strike, Dip, anD THIcKNESS.—The strike of the Raritan formation is in a general northeast-southwest direction, becoming nearly north and south in central and southern Price George’s County and in northern Charles County.
The dip of the beds is to the southeast and east at the rate of 30 feet to 35 feet im the mile, although it is somewhat greater in the outhers to the west of the main body of the outcrop nearer to the “ fall-line.”
The maximum thickness of the formation probably does not exceed 250 feet in the area of outcrop and generally is less than 200 feet, although this thickness is oftentimes not reached even in the northern part of the district where the chief development of the formation occurs. Farther south the thickness gradually declines until in Anne Arundel County it
MaryLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 59
is about 100 feet, which is further reduced to not over 50 feet in central] Prince George’s County, and with intermittent outcrops finally thins out by the overlapping of later formations in northern Charles County. The Raritan formation evidently thickens for a certain distance along the dip, as for example, in the deep well at Middletown, Delaware, where about 350 feet of materials are referred to this formation.
STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONS.—The Raritan formation rests unconformably on the Patapsco formation, marked irregularities being found here and there along the line of contact indicating that rather pronounced inequalities existed on the upper surface of the Patapsco at the time of the deposition of Raritan strata. In general, the contact is sharply defined and at some points is marked by a line of broken and redeposited iron crusts.
The Raritan formation was eroded and transgressed toward the south by the Magothy formation. In southern Prince George’s and Charles counties, however, the transgressing Eocene deposits overlie the Raritan beds, the strata beimg finally entirely overlapped in northern Charles County.
The internal stratigraphy and structure of the Raritan is complex oecause of the wide variability in the character of the materials, ranging _ as they do all the way from gravels and coarse sands to plastic clays. The rapid variation in the sands and clays both horizontally and vertically renders it impossible to subdivide the Raritan into members of more than very local importance.
The Raritan strata are evidently affected slightly along the western margin of the outcrop, particularly in the more distant outliers, by the warping of the beds which evidently occurs along the “ fall-line ” as shown by the marked difference in dip in the Lower Cretaceous formations in passing from the “ fall-line ” eastward. Local variations in dip also occur which suggest slight folding.
Oreanic Remartns.—The Raritan deposits have yielded both animal and plant remains. The fauna is very meager both in individuals and species, but the flora is much more abundant, particularly to the north
60 Tuer Upper Creracrtous Deposits or MaryLANnp
of Maryland, the strata of New Jersey having afforded numerous repre- sentatives of plants.
The animal remains known only in New Jersey consist of the bones of a plesiosaur and a few obscure mollusks of probably brackish-water habitat. Teredo borings have occasionally been found in lignitized coniferous wood. The fauna, however, does not afford sufficiently characteristic forms to be of any aid in determining the correlation of the deposits.
The flora of the Raritan formation embraces many types of plant life, including ferns, cycads, conifers, monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The most significant forms are the dicotyledonous plants which present a relatively modern aspect, a considerable advance being shown in this respect over the Patapsco flora. The silicified cycad trunks characteristic of the Patuxent formation have nowhere been observed. ‘The fossil remains occur chiefly in the drab clays, the two localities furnishing the largest number of species in Maryland being located near the mouth of Back River and on Elk Neck, although much more highly fossiliferous localities have been found farther north in New Jersey. Among the characteristic species observed in Maryland are the following:
Asplenium dicksonianum Heer Aralia washingtoniana Berry Aspidiophyllum trilobatum Lesquereux Araliopsoides cretacea (Lesquereux) Araliopsoides breviloba Berry Czekanowskia capillaris Newberry Diospyros vera Berry
Fontainea grandifolia Newberry Magnolia newberryi Berry
Platanus heerii Lesquereux Protophyllum multinerve Lesquereux Protophyllum sternbergui Lesquereux
The Raritan formation has been compared by Berry, on the basis of the plant remains, with the Dakota sandstone of the Western Interior and with the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama, which have a closely allied flora, although the Maryland beds are considered by him to be somewhat older. In terms of the European standard section the formation should unquestionably be placed in the Cenomanian.
1 Berry, E. W., Jour. Geol., vol. xviii, p. 258, 1910.
: 3 ;
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 61
THE Macotuy ForMATION
NaME AND SyNoNymMy.—The Magothy formation, so named by Darton* from the Magothy River, Maryland, where the formation is typically developed, is now employed for the extension of these beds north- ward into Delaware and New Jersey. Uhler employed the name “ Alter- nate Clay Sands” for portions of this formation, although he also included other deposits under this designation. The Magothy deposits have been for the most part included with the underlying strata, but there can be no question of their distinctness from the Raritan formation.
AREAL Distrisurtion.—The Magothy formation extends across the state from the Delaware line to central Prince George’s County. The area of outcrop is much narrowed in Prince George’s County until it ultimately comes to occupy a very narrow belt to the east of the Raritan formation. In Cecil, Kent, and Anne Arundel counties its outcrop varies from two to three miles in width which is somewhat exceeded if the out- hers on Elk Neck, Cecil County, and in northern Anne Arundel are included. The continuity of the outcrops is very materially interfered with by the Chesapeake Bay and several of the larger tidal streams, among them Elk, Bohemia, Sassafras, Magothy, and Severn rivers.
Lirmonocic Cuaracters.—The Magothy formation is largely made up of light-colored sands, at times coarse and conglomeratic. Some of the beds are in places consolidated to form a brown sandstone, and the sands themselves are at times highly colored by the admixture of hydroxide of iron. Clays, generally drab or chocolate brown in color, also occur, although the clay beds are subordinate to the sand beds in this formation. The dark colored beds are often highly lignitic and at times pyritic. The lignitic material is generally very finely divided, but it may occur in larger masses.
The deposits change rapidly in character both horizontally and ver- tically and in this respect are not unlike the Raritan deposits. Cross- bedding likewise occurs, but is on the whole less prominent than in the earlier formation. At some of the localities the beds present a very
1 Darton, N. H., Amer. Jour. Sci. 2d ser., vol. xlv, pp. 407-419, 1898. 5
62 Tue Uprer Cretacrous Deposits or MaryLanp
marked and pronounced stratified character, especially in some of the clays which are finely laminated. A striking feature of these deposits is the presence of amber which was described from beds of this age at “ Cape Sable” (North Ferry Point), Magothy River, by Troost in 1821. The amber occurs in layers of lignitic sandy clay in the form of pellets.
The light-colored white sands contain pinkish angular quartz grains, and at times much muscovite. A characteristic type of stratification is seen in the sandy layers separated by thin lamin of dark-colored clay or sandy clay which is often leaf-bearing. It was due to the frequency of this laminated structure that Uhler was led to propose the name “ Alternate Clay Sands” for these beds. Such clay lamine at Grove Point and other localities have furnished an extensive flora.
The Magothy deposits, particularly at “Cape Sable” (North Ferry Point) on the Magothy River, afforded in earlier days not inconsiderable outputs of alum and copperas, derived from the lignitic and pyritic beds. The “Baltimore Alum and Copperas Works,” at Locust Point, Balti- more, produced large quantities of these products which Ducatel esti- mated in 1834 as amounting to over $80,000 annually.
The Magothy formation lacks the massive beds of highly colored clays found in the Raritan, while the variable and rapidly alternating sands and clays are infrequent in the latter. The materials of the Magothy are also for the most part readily distinguished from the overlying Matawan by the absence of glauconite in the former and by the lack of homogeneity which is so marked a feature of the Matawan deposits.
Strike, Dip anD TuickNnEss.—The strike of the Magothy formation is essentially like that of the Raritan formation. It has a general northeast- southwest direction throughout much of the area of outcrop, except in Prince George’s County where it is more nearly north and south.
The dip of the beds is to the southeast and east and at the rate of about 30 feet to the mile, although this is somewhat increased in the case of the outhers to the west of the main body of the outcrop.
The Magothy formation has a maximum thickness at times of nearly 100 feet in the northern part of the district, but even here the thickness is variable and in some places does not exceed one-half that amount.
MaryLANnD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 63
Farther south m Anne Arundel County it has been estimated to have a maximum thickness of about 60 feet on the Magothy River, which declines to about 30 feet on the Severn River, and in central Prince George’s County it rarely reaches more than 10 to 15 feet.
STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONS.—The Magothy forma- tion overlies the Raritan unconformably and gradually transgresses that formation southward, although it does not entirely overlap it along the line of outcrop. The contact at times is not very sharply defined on account of the unconsolidated character of the materials, but a broad study of the relations indicates the unconformable nature of the contact.
The Matawan formation also overlies the Magothy formation uncon- formably and likewise transgresses it southward, although over much of Prince George’s County the transgression by still later formations makes it impossible to determine the extent of this overlap to the southward. The stratigraphy and structure of the Magothy beds is complex and, as in the case of the Raritan formation, the wide variability im the character of the materials renders it impossible to subdivide the Magothy into members of more than local importance.
The relatively limited area of outcrop of the Magothy formation has afforded little 1f any evidence of warping, although the slightly greater dip in the more western outliers as compared with the main body of the formation suggests that there may have been some deformation along the “ fall-line.”
OrGANIC REMAINS.—The Magothy formation has afforded both animal and plant fossils. The animal remains, chiefly marine mollusks, are con- fined to a few. localities in the extreme northern and southern portions of its outerop. The locality at Cliffwood, New Jersey, has long been known and has afforded a considerable marine fauna, while a similar occurrence on Good Hope Hill, District of Columbia, near the southern extremity of the occurrence of the Magothy has likewise afforded a number of similar forms.
The Magothy fauna in Maryland is unfortunately known from but a single locality, Good Hope Hill, near Anacostia, D. C. By far the most abundant species, a small Corbula, suggesting the C. bisulcata of
64: Tue Upper Cretaceous Deposits or MaryLanp
Conrad, occurs in so poor a state of preservation that it has not been described. Another very conspicuous element in the fauna is a Panope which is, like Corbwla, a muddy bottom form. Twrritella is also abundant and Pecten and Cardiwm fairly common, while Tenea and Solyma have a limited representation.
The fauna, meager as it is, very clearly indicates muddy bottom con- ditions, probably estuarine in character and quite possibly at the mouth of the ancient Potomac.
The flora of the Magothy formation has afforded numerous types of plant life including ferns, cycads, conifers, and dicotyledons that present many points of difference from the Raritan flora, and are of more modern aspect. Among the more important fossiliferous localities that have afforded plant remains may be mentioned “ Cape Sable” (North Ferry Point) on the Magothy River, and Grove Point at the mouth of the Sassafras River. Among the characteristic species found in the Magothy
of Maryland are: Aralia ravniana Heer Araucaria marylandica Berry Asplenium cecilensis Berry Bauhinia marylandica Berry Bumelia prenuntia Berry Carex clarkii Berry Coccolobites cretaceus Berry Colutea obovata Berry Cornus forchhammeri Heer Dalbergia severnensis Berry Dammara cliffwoodensis Hollick Eleodendron marylandicum Berry Eucalyptus wardiana Berry Ficus crassipes Heer Gleichenia saundersii Berry Hedera cecilensis Berry Lycopodium cretaceum Berry Magnolia capelliniti Heer Moriconia americana Berry Nelumbo kempii Hollick Protophyllocladus lobatus Berry Sabalites magothiensis Berry Sapotacites knowltoni Berry Sterculia cliffwoodensis Berry Sterculia minima Berry Widdringtonites reichii (Httingshausen) Heer
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UPPER CRETACEOUS, PLATE IV
Fic. 1.—VIEW OF ROUND BAY, SEVERN RIVER, SHOWING MAGOTHY FORMATION OVERLAIN BY MATAWAN FORMATION.
Fic. 2.—NEARER VIEW OF SAME, SHOWING CONTACT BETWEEN THE MAGOTHY AND MATAWAN FORMATIONS.
a ate
a eae, ea ee oe
Tisha VSR TEI
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MaryLanp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 65
The Magothy formation is evidently equivalent to the lower part of the Black Creek formation of North Carolina, which also embraces in its upper part the Matawan formation as well. In the Black Creek forma- tion the beds containing the typical Magothy flora and strata bearing the marine Matawan fauna are found interstratified. The Magothy has also been correlated with the Tuscaloosa deposits of western Alabama, although the latter is likewise the equivalent in part of the Matawan. The Magothy formation is referred to the Turonian in the European scale.
THE Matawan ForMATION
NaME aND SynonymMy.—The Matawan formation, so named by the writer * from Matawan Creek, New Jersey, where deposits of this age are extensively developed, is also applied to the extension of these strata into Maryland. The term Clay Marls was long used for these deposits in New Jersey. Darton described under the name of the Severn formation in the Maryland area both the Matawan and Monmouth formations. Uhler proposed a number of lithologic units, the stratigraphic relations of which are undeterminable, for these deposits. The writer divided the Matawan formation in New Jersey, from below upward, into the Cross- wicks clays and Hazlet sands, and the New Jersey geologists have still further divided the Crosswicks clays mto the Merchantville clay and the Woodbury clay, and the Hazlet sands into the Englishtown sand, the Marshalltown formation, and Wenona sand, the term Matawan being retained as a group term to include these five formations in New Jersey. It has been impossible, however, to satisfactorily recognize these sub- divisions of the Matawan to the south of the Delaware basin.
AREAL DIstRIBUTION.—The Matawan formation has been traced from the Delaware line across Cecil and Kent counties to the shore of the Chesapeake, beyond which it is again found outcropping in Anne Arundel and northern Prince George’s counties, beyond which it is overlapped by later formations. The width of outcrop on the Eastern Shore is
+Clark, Wm. Bullock, Jour. Geol., vol. ii, pp. 163, 164, 1894; Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. vi, p. 481, 1894.
66 Tue Upper Cretacrtous Drposirs or MaryLanp
about two miles. In the interstream portions of Anne Arundel County it extends from water level to the higher points of the region, and although of less thickness it covers a wider area from northwest to south- east on account of the more elevated character of the country. Beyond the Patuxent River the outcrop gradually narrows until it disappears entirely before the center of Prince George’s County is reached. A few outliers are found on Elk Neck in Cecil County and at a few points in Anne Arundel County.
LitHoLocic CHaracTERS.—The Matawan formation consists largely of dark-colored micaceous sandy clays, often glauconitic. At times the deposits become very sandy and lighter-colored, while at other times they form a black clay. The upper part of the formation is generally pre- dominantly arenaceous, the sands varying in color from almost white to a dark greenish black. The beds in general are very persistent in char- acter, and the rapid change of materials so common in the Raritan and Magothy formations does not occur. A thin pebble bed at times marks the base of the formation. Iron pyrites has been found at times im the darker and more carbonaceous beds.
The glauconitic constituent of the beds is much less pronounced than in the overlymg Monmouth formation, although glauconite grains are not uncommon. The decomposition of the glauconite in the weathered beds produces reddish-brown materials that are at times indurated by the hydrous iron oxide, producing thin ledges or crusts on exposed surfaces. The deposits of the Matawan formation are quite unlike those of the underlying Magothy and show by their pronounced stratification the dis- tinctly marine conditions which prevailed during their deposition. The homogeneous nature of the material over extended areas is in marked contrast to the alternating sands and clays that are found so extensively in the Magothy. The materials of the Matawan are on the whole much more like the succeeding Monmouth formation, but the latter is more arenaceous and glauconitic, and the dark-colored micaceous sandy clays and black clays of the Matawan are rarely found. The Matawan deposits, especially in Anne Arundel County, frequently contain large oval con- ceretions of clay ironstone which are very characteristic.
aes ee
MAryYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 67
Strike, Dir, AND THickness.—The strike of the Matawan formation is in general similar to that of the underlying Magothy formation and continues in a northeast-southwest direction from the Delaware line to northern Prince George’s County. The dip of the beds is to the southeast and east at the rate of about 25 feet im the mile. The thickness of the formation in Cecil and Kent counties reaches a maximum of about 70 feet. To the southward it declines gradually in thickness until it reaches an average of about 50 feet m Anne Arundel County. Toward the Patuxent River it gradually thins and finally disappears a few miles to the south- westward, in northern Prince George’s County.
STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONS.—The Matawan forma- tion rests unconformably on the Magothy formation. No marked irregu- larities occur, but the Matawan formation gradually transgresses the Magothy to the southward as already pointed out.
The Matawan formation is also unconformably overlain by the Mon- mouth formation. Although no marked irregularities of contact have been observed, the Monmouth formation transgresses the Matawan for- mation to the southward where it finally overlaps it altogether and comes to rest on the Magothy formation.
The internal stratigraphy and structure of the Matawan is very simple because of the slight variability in the character of the materials over wide areas. The-somewhat more arenaceous character of the upper beds is not sufficiently marked, however, to justify the separation of the Matawan into independent members, especially as no faunal differences are recog- nizable either in Maryland or to the northward in New Jersey.
Orcganic Remarins——The Matawan deposits in Maryland have fur- nished only animal remains, with the exception of a single cone scale of Dammara from Millersyille, Anne Arundel County. The animal remains are entirely of marine types and probably lived under conditions of moderate depth, such as are found well within the 100-fathom line. Among the groups represented are Hchinodermata, Vermes, Bryozoa, Crustacea, Pelecypoda, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, and Pisces. The fossils have been found chiefly in the dark-colored sandy clays.
68 THE Upper CrETACEOUS Deposits oF MAaryLANpD
The Matawan is represented in Maryland and Delaware in two distinct areas, the one along the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, Delaware, and the other in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
The fauna of the Delaware area is much less homogeneous in char-
acter than that of Maryland, and some of the faunal zones which Weller —
differentiated in New Jersey apparently persist to the southwest, though much less sharply defined than at the type localities. In general, the fauna becomes increasingly younger to the eastward. The presence of Exogyra costata near Delaware City and of Belemnitella at Briar Point indicates that there is probably some Monmouth from the canal dump mingled with the Matawan at these localities. In the immediate vicinity of Summit Bridge and at Post 105 a fauna is represented analogous to that of the Merchantville and Woodbury of New Jersey. Among the most characteristic species in the fauna of approximately twenty species are Anchura rostrata, Turritella delmar, Laxispira lumbricalis, Liopistha alternata, Mortoniceras delawarensis, Placenticeras placenta, and Sca- phites hippocrepis. Turritella delmar, which is one of the most abundant species, was described from Delaware and has been reported only from the environs of the type locality. JLazispira lumbricahs, Anchura rostrata, Placenticeras placenta, and Scaphites hippocrepis are character- istic Merchantville forms, while Mortoniceras delawarensis and Liopistha alternata are peculiar not only to the Merchantville but to the Morton ceras subzone of the entire eastern United States and Gulf. Because of the presence of this characteristic genus the horizon has been called by the name of the Mortoniceras subzone rather than the more local term “ Mer- chantville.” Furthermore, the Summit Bridge fauna is probably the equivalent not of the Merchantville alone but of both the Merchantville and the Woodbury. Hvyen within the limits of New Jersey Weller noticed that the differentiation between them became increasingly difficult toward the south, and in Delaware it is apparently obliterated. Both typical Merchantville forms, such as Mortoniceras delawarensis, and typical Woodbury forms such as Yoldia longifrons, occur at a single locality, although the earlier types are dominant.
¥
MaryLanp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 69
The Mortoniceras fauna is a relatively deep-water fauna and notable for the absence of the Ostreids. In this respect it stands in marked con- trast to the fauna which is most typically developed to the eastward in the vicinity of Camp Fox, opposite Post 236, on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. By far the most conspicuous element in the latter, from the point of view of both numbers and size, is the Ostreids. At certain localities, notably at Camp Fox, the beach is paved and the side of the Canal heavily studded with Gryphea vesicularis. Hxogyra cancellata, which occurs near the top of the #. ponderosa zone and the base of the £. costata zone, is ubiquitous throughout the restricted area in question but less prolific than G. vesicularis. Ostrea falcata is also a characteristic form, though less conspicuous by reason of its smaller size. A number of species of the smaller bivalves and univalves occur but none of them is abundant, while the cephalopods are very rare. The general aspect of the fauna is very similar to that of the Marshalltown of New Jersey which, like the fauna west of St. Georges, is best characterized by the abundance of the ponderous Ostreids.
The Matawan fauna from the Magothy River in northern Anne Arundel County is very meager, but is more homogeneous in general character and is less readily separable into faunules than is that along the canal. The fauna includes a few characteristic Merchantville types, such as Schaphites hippocrepis, but it also includes a number of the forms restricted in New Jersey to the Upper Matawan and a few southern species which characterize the Hxogyra ponderosa zone, such as Cucul- lea carolinensis, which has not been recorded from the Cretaceous farther north. The fauna, on the whole, is more cosmopolitan than any occurring to the northward and was probably laid down in a more open sea which was more accessible from the south.
The Matawan formation is the equivalent of the upper part of the ~ Black Creek formation of North Carolina and is also represented in the Eutaw formation, and probably the lower part of the Ripley formation and its equivalent the Selma chalk of the eastern Gulf region. The forms point to the Turonian age of the beds.
70 Tae Upprr Creraczous Drprosrrs or MaryLAnp
THE MonmottH Formation
NAME AND SynoNymMy.—The Monmouth formation was so named by the writer * from Monmouth County, New Jersey, where the deposits of this formation are characteristically developed. These deposits were formerly known in New Jersey under the name of the Lower Marl Bed and the Red Sand. Darton considered the Monmouth formation as the upper part of his Severn formation. Uhler discussed these deposits under lithologic names which cannot be readily recognized. The present writer divided the New Jersey Monmouth formation into the Mt. Laurel sands, the Navesink marls, and the Redbank sands and these have been more recently employed as formational units by the New Jersey geologists. These subdivisions cannot be recognized in Maryland.
AREAL DIsTRIBUTION.—The Monmouth formation extends from the Delaware boundary to southern Prince George’s County, a few miles to the south of Washington. The width of outcrop is variable, reaching 4 or 5 miles in maximum extent in Cecil County, but rapidly narrowing in Kent County, where it is reduced to about 2 miles in width. In Anne Arundel and Prince George’s counties it occupies a very irregular line of outcrop due to the higher country, the strata being traced from the hill- tops in the northwest down the valley lines to their disappearance at tide level, and therefore often reaching a total width of outcrop in the stream channels along the dip of 4 to 5 miles. Farther to the south- westward in Prince George’s County the Monmouth forms a narrow band which finally disappears by the overlap of later formations.
LirHoLocic CHaRacters.—Lhe Monmouth formation consists chiefly of reddish and pinkish sands, generally glauconitic, the beds in places forming a dark greensand. The glauconitic feature is much more marked than in the preceding Matawan. When unweathered the glauconitic beds are dark green or nearly black in color, but become reddish-brown when weathering.
The deposits are commonly loose and unconsolidated, but are locally indurated by the ferruginous cement derived from the weathering of the
1@lark, Wm. Bullock, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, pp. 331-336, 1897.
MaryYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ial
glauconite. In some places iron crusts of irregular shape are found, but the indurated materials more often occur in the form of layers one or two inches in thickness. At other times tubular or rounded concretions occur which are filled with gray sand in which grains of unweathered glauconite are present.
The beds are very homogeneous oyer wide areas and in this respect are not unlike the deposits of the Matawan, although they are more arena- ceous and glauconitic. The alternating clays so common in the Matawan are absent, and clay deposits generally are unfrequent. Because of the similarity of the materials the Monmouth is, when unfossiliferous, dis- tinguished with difficulty from the overlying Eocene Aquia formation, although the broader relations show that a marked interval separated the two.
SaRIKH, Dip, AnD 'T’HIcKNESS.—The Monmouth formation has the same general strike as the underlying formations, maintaining a nearly north- east-southwest direction from eastern Cecil County to central Prince George’s County. The dip of the beds is to the southeast at the rate of 20 to 25 feet in the mile. The maximum thickness of the formation on the northern Hastern Shore is about 100 feet. Along the Sassafras River it is reduced to about 65 feet, and in Anne Arundel County to about 50 feet. It generally declines from this area southward until in central Prince George’s County it is only 20 to 25 feet in thickness, beyond which it gradually thins out, due to the overlap of later formations.
STRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONS.—The Monmouth forma- tion overlies the Matawan formation unconformably, although no marked irregularities of surface have been observed in the region. The Mon- mouth formation gradually transgresses the Matawan formation to the southward until it comes to rest on the Magothy formation. It is the most conspicuous transgression obseryed in the Upper Cretaceous section.
The Monmouth formation is overlain unconformably by Tertiary deposits both of Eocene and Miocene age, since the southwardly-trans- gressing Aquia formation is in turn overlapped by the Calvert formation so that both are at times found in contact with the Monmouth strata.
72 THe Uprer Creracrous Deposits or MaryLanp
The Monmouth formation presents very simple problems in strati- graphy and structure since the deposits are remarkably homogeneous over extensive areas. No marked change in strike and dip are observable, while no folding of the strata can be detected. No segregation of the formation into members of more than very local extent has been possible.
OrcaNnic Remarns.—The fossils of the Monmouth formation in Mary- land are entirely animal remains of marine type and evidently lived on the continental shelf within the 100-fathom line. The more elauconitic character of the beds and their more homogeneous structure suggest that
the habitat of these forms may have been slightly deeper than that of hi
the Matawan fauna, since the conditions of formation of glauconite point
to areas of slight deposition of terrigenous materials. The groups of
animal remains represented comprise the corals, echinoderms, vermes, — bryozoa, crustacea, pelecypods, gastropods, and cephalopods. The fossils occur chiefly in the dark-colored glauconitic beds, where at a few localities great numbers haye been collected in a splendid state of preservation. The Monmouth fauna is very much larger than the Matawan, much better preserved and much more cosmopolitan in its affinities. Out of a total of 158 or possibly 164 species listed, 35 per cent are new. This high percentage of new forms by no means indicates a local fauna, but rather a very large one which is only imperfectly known. . There are three areas of distribution in Maryland, one on the Hastern
Shore in Cecil County, another along the Sassafras River in Cecil and —
Kent counties, the third im Prince George’s and Anne Arundel counties. — The Sassafras River fauna though prolific is very poorly preserved, and the determinable species are none of them diagnostic of any particular facies. The most striking difference between the Monmouth of Cecil County as developed along the Bohemia Creek and that of Prince George’s County is the cephalopod element. The latter is represented on the Hastern Shore by Belemmitella, on the Western Shore by Sphenodiscus lobatus and less commonly by Scaphites conradi. This suggests an affinity of the former with the Mt. Laurel-Navesink marls, the horizon in which Belemnitella is exceedingly abundant and to which it is restricted. Sphenodiscus, on the other hand, in New Jersey is the most
\
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UPPER CRETACEOUS, PLATE V
FIG. I—VIEW OF LOWER WHITE BANK, ELK NECK, SHOWING PATAPSCO, RARITAN, AND MAGOTHY FORMATIONS.
Fic. 2.—VIEW OF GROVE POINT SHOWING MAGOTHY FORMATION OVERLAIN BY MATAWAN FORMATION.
4 a
MaryLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 773
characteristic species of the Tinton and is confined to it. The abundant presence of this form in Prince George’s County cannot but sug- gest a synchroneity with the New Jersey Tinton. It is difficult to explain the absence of Belemnitella by any other than a stratigraphic difference, since the conditions were apparently quite as favorable for its existence in the later Monmouth as they were in the earlier. In the European Mesozoic the Belemnitellas are considered among the most valuable of the guide fossils since they originated abruptly, dispersed rapidly and became extinct in as short a time as that required for their initiation. It is equally difficult, however, to explain the absence of B. americana by its early extinction, since its supposed European equiva- lent, Belemnitella mucronata, is restricted to the upper portion of the uppermost Senonian, a horizon higher than that generally accepted for the Navesink. Aside from the presence of Belemnitella, the Bohemia Creek fauna is notable for the relatively large number of Ostreids, a feature which it shows in common with the later Matawan and the Nave- sink of New Jersey. It differs from the Navesink, however, in the absence of a large gastropod fauna. Apparently the waters were even more shallow in the area inhabited by the Belemnitella fauna than in that character- ized by the presence of Sphenodiscus and by the relatively few Ostreids, particularly those of the more ponderous type. The Sphenodiscus fauna is restricted in its known distribution in Maryland to the Western Shore, and, indeed, to Prince George’s County. These marls have furnished the most prolific of any of the Upper Cretaceous faunas of Maryland. The fossils are in an excellent state of preservation, though very soft and prone to crumble. The characteristic elements of the fauna, aside from the widespread Sphenodiscus, are Nucula slackiana, Cucullea vulgaris, a number of small oysters, Hxogyra costata in limited numbers, Trigonia eufalensis, a number of Pecten, notably simplicius and argillensis, Cre- nella serica, Inopistha protexta, Crassatellites vadosa, several Cardia, the prolific Cyprimeria major, two new species of Cymbophora, and a large number of Corbule, Pleurotomide, Volutes, Pyrifusi and Naticide, together with Turritelle in great abundance. The absence of Brachiopods and Scaphopods is rather remarkable.
74 Tur Uprrer Cretaceous Deposits oF MaryLaNnp
The general make-up of the fauna indicates a muddy bottom covered by quiet waters, certainly not more than 50 fathoms in depth. However, it is by no means an estuarine fauna but one that lived in the open sea. There was, probably, free communication with the inshore life of the Gulf region, but there may have been a barrier, possibly a volume of fresh water, which shut off some of the New Jersey shore life. The waters were doubtless warmer and much more uniform in temperature, and environ- mental conditions, as a whole, more favorable to molluscan life than they are off the Maryland coast to-day.
The Monmouth formation is the equivalent of the Peedee beds of North and South Carolina and the upper part of the Ripley and its equivalent, the Selma chalk of the Gulf. The forms point to the Lower Senonian (Emscherian) age of the heds.
TuE Rancocas ForMATION
The Rancocas formation, so named by the writer * from Rancocas Creek, New Jersey, where the deposits of this horizon are extensively developed, has not been found to outcrop within the limits of the state, although it oceurs in Delaware near the Maryland Line and in all probability oceurs in Maryland beneath the cover of the Tertiary formations. Its separation from the underlying deposits under the name of the Middle Marl in New Jersey was early recognized. The subdivisions of this formation into the Hornerstown marl and Vincentown sand in New Jersey become gradually obscured to the southward, the marl even appearing within or at the top of the lime sands.
The Rancocas formation overlies the Monmouth unconformably and its line of contact is generally sharply defined.
It contains a fauna very distinct from those of the underlying Upper Cretaceous formations. The faunas of the Magothy, Matawan, and Mon- mouth are much more closely allied with one another than with the Rancocas formation in which quite distinct faunal elements make their appearance. No deposits of equivalent age have been recognized in the
+Clark, Wm. Bullock, Jour. Geol., vol. ii, p. 166, 1894.
MaryLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY v5)
south Atlantic and Gulf states, although the characteristic Rancocas species, Terebratula harlani, has been questionably determined in mate- rials obtained from the deep-well borings at Old Point Comfort, Virginia. The Rancocas fauna points to the Danian age of this formation.
The Rancocas fauna has not been discovered in Maryland, although it is quite well represented in Delaware in the vicinity of Odessa. The diag- nostic features of the fauna are essentially those of the Vincentown of New Jersey—a prolific bryozoan fauna, Terebratula harlani in abun- dance, and a very meager molluscan representation. The mollusca of the two areas are curiously dissimilar, none of the few characteristic species of New Jersey, Cardium knappi, Carvatis veta, Polorthis tibialis, occur- ring in Delaware, while the abundant Gryphea, to which the character- istic Vincentown bryozoa attach themselves, is apparently not present in New Jersey. It is probable that the Delaware Rancocas represents a fossil oyster bank where the ensemble of the life was, as it is to-day, very distinct from the fauna a short distance removed from the bank.
In the coarse greensands in the vicinity of Noxontown Pond a very prolific fauna oceurs, but in such a wretched state of preservation that but little attempt has been made to give it a place in the literature. No trace of Terebratula harlani could be detected, nor are any of the diagnostic species of the Rancocas recognized. It is, apparently, a very much local- ized inshore assemblage, the two most prolific constituent species being an undescribed Yoldia and an undescribed Phacoides.
76 THE Upper Cretaceous Deposits or MAaryLaNnp
LOCAL SECTIONS
I. Section at “ Red Hill,’ along the west slope of Gray’s Hill, Cecil County, beginning at 200 feet above tide.
Cretaceous. Feet. (Coarse reddish sand and evenly-bedded dark brown
Raritan.... SEMA FS Kay nlsy HGEYeI RS cos ends dGogandnGosedednoog jon 4l5 10
Yellow and buff sand and corrugated iron stone....... 10
Tough white clay reddish in places.................. 7 Patapsco.....Massive variegated red and drab clay, the latter
slightly lignitic and containing obscure leaf impres- sions. Lenses of white, water-bearing sand near base. 130
Patuxent.....Sand, not exposed at surface, to tide level........... 43 MROCAD Bos aterang = Celene lesvo oho ee cones alee eee ee tet es 200 II, Shannon Hill near Northeast, Cecil County.
Pleistocene or Feet. IRecentin hss Hoam. and" red: Claytce se Sas See soe cine eee eee 5-10 Cretaceous. :
Raritan ss Dense plastic chocolate colored clay with flakes of iron carbonate carrying leaf impressions................ 10 Light \coloredi:sand=., ssc oe ee eee eee 8 | Sandy chocolate: colored:telays neo ciemice pee ees 10
Drab and light colored clay and sand grading into piK=>.qeayri\cyiil \) cee ab eo amie giMing hnnriston sean cs
Patapsco...2 Chocolate clay, slightly lignitic....................... at Variegated! clay jac vac macs steed teicher coo eee eee 18
Whiteisand oto nar ee SR One Ce oe eee ae 1
Variesated clay ie iii since <civlqse cvasin cre otal euerousta steteneeie eens 35
Yellow and purple sand and ferruginous sandstone.... 5
M10) 2) eee MSR CNR SOARES SC dina si0c.b os 112
III. Section of Well at Fort Dupont, Newcastle County, Delaware.
Pleistocene. . Feet. Mal botecrs Yellowish sand and fine gravel, brackish water.... 0-24 Cretaceous.
Gray, slightly clayey sand and fine gravel......... 24-40 Dark greenish, limy sand with shells, contains much jelawcomitey he once setae ioe ciie tere ae ee 40-60
Dark sandy; micaccousiclay.e eases eee 60-140 Medium gray sand with very little glauconite..... 140-160 Brownish gray sandy clay with some glauconite... 160-180 Dark coarse sand and clay, some glauconite....... 180-197 Hard, light red, slightly sandy clay.............. 197-223
: micaceous, sandy clay......5....-.-.-++--e6 223-240
Rancoecas. .
Monmouth.
Matawan... Fine to medium drab or brownish gray, clayey sand with. ammatle: elancomites 7... oees soe ee 240-280 Fine to coarse brownish, micaceous clay with some
SIAUCONI te werner OE oe Ee 280-300 Medium to coarse drab or brownish sand with vary-
ing amounts of glauconite and occasionally some
Clay oi bee sek cee Ae ee See 300-418 Fine to medium, light gray sand, no clay and very
little elaweconite!..) Aon. ces ome ee a 418-421
Magothy..
a
= Fires
i
Cretaceous.
Raritan....
Patapsco...
~2 ~
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Feet. (Light, brick-red clay with some sand............. 421-467 Pink to medium, slightly clayey, pinkish buff or DINIS HM OLO win Seam Cle ete apes) Vorsieeelio ls iorelectaVers: tec 467-500 Fine to medium brownish gray micaceous sand... 500-510 Medium to fine pinkish brown sand with red and San CCR Clave ee ema ee tee ak | 510-640 Fine to medium light brown micaceous sand and CT NY ater Pe Renee hha oe Te ceck al ieee Gaertn oeu ok ccaifelte eMenetece re euvieray wie 640-650 Brownish gray, micaceous, clayey sand containing | INGEAC Neth ben s Sa COCA BIS coe Oe PERC REIS. O CRE oC RETR IaIe 650-661 (Fine to medium pinkish brown sand with beds of pink, red and white clay and lignite............. 661-710 Medium varicolored sand with lignite............. 710-725 Coarse, light pinkish brown sand................. 725-730 Light brown sand containing many brown granules, DLS OPMENT CM rotegeuek crsaeiolensrsRerie sore eusea pete resale soalene 730-734 + Dark, brownish clay and coarse sand............. 734-736 Medium, pinkish brown, clayey sand.............. 736-740 Brown clay with coarse sand, contains lignite..... 740-745 Medium, brownish, clayey sand................... 745-750 Fine to coarse pinkish brown sandy clay containing He DLOWNS STA nUILES and. WIP MILE) ye cece csieteeelc crete eo a 6 750-755 (Medium, grayish brownish clayey sand............ 755-762
IV. Section west side of Maulden Mountain (Lower White Banks), Elk Neck.
Recent......... Cretaceous.
Magothy...
Raritan....
Patapsco...
Feet RO NWIAS Dame TOP cili moe ssp te miteter arise eye te etel shalovsaiaieycverate ‘6-8 rLaminated white sand alternating with white clay (lense of pink sand at the top)................- 20 Irregular ledges of ironstone..................-5- » 4% Cross-bedded pink or yellow loose sands with some iron crusts .(full of bank-swallows’ holes)....... 6-8 AWalailibe Cl ayers etre tayscN ec) serter tens Sete evavonste i tvatexecwrecaiainrera es 2-3 UNONSCONEVHEASES Pleats eee cicieie oicitestwe Hhavelove eis biecd ob 214-3 Fine quartz pebbles with some pellets of white clay. 114-3
{ Cross-bedded yellow sand passing into a pink sand
with occasional thin lenses of ironstone......... 10 Grays top Dui San Gi toay vin cir stssictete foci eteck se isis cleers 12 HHEAZCHOL PLEOMSEOMC ates eis nia rece rare ores ohare elena serene e des Cross-bedded brown and yellow, often indurated
SUL GINB we cent aed sich seen crea cielo Susete oust Re deni etee oie 12%
Alternating white clay with pellets of red iron oxide ~ and buff to white finely laminated sand with white
clay pellets and occasional ledges of ironstone... 16 Cross-bedded yellow sand with irregular ironstone layers, sometimes forming massive ledges....... 7-8 Mottled pink and white clay passing gradually into MOXA CSIMIDOT car enerickeasieyevsie shariave ersumcecieynursiave #/sosi es vi Laminated white sandy clay, in places passing into anwash-CoLloneausamdieievens a eke sekerereisle se asi eles cers 22 ‘Fine white sand with pellets and lenses of clay.... 23% Dark drab clay containing lignite, white clay at the top and sometimes brown clay below............ 10 TO Galle eye teteretevererchevoteie rane Getaie Siete tials anaratiees 168%
78 THE Upper Cretaceous Drposits or MaryLanp
VY. Section southwest side Maulden Mountain (Gillers Hole), Elk Neck.
Pleistocene. Feet. Lafayette. ..fClay loam ........0...2-- sees e cn ee ser ne ener anne 8-10 Pebble conglomerate and loose pebbles............ 144-2 Cretaceous.
(Fine greenish gray sand with finely disseminated EVAUCOMIEE: z:-2)occis rae coiciscs scoveaiwie craters aie levee gee iste 5% More grayish glauconitic sand, quite micaceous Matawan.../ with small pockets of glauconite and some iron CONCTEtIONS? hihhseecits oe pera etec otis ere leberstekers eet 15 Persistent layer of ironstone..................... (Gray iron mottled sand less glauconitic, micaceous 10
(Very fine ash-colored micaceous sand with thin lenses and small pellets of white and yellow clay and pellets of coarse yellow sand, the whole be- coming argillaceous toward the base............ 9 Mottled yellow and white arenaceous clay with ; small iron carbonate concretions, passing insen- Sibly into next member oes eee eee eee eee 10 Finely laminated yellow, gray, salmon and white cross-bedded fine sand with iron concretions and numerous pellets and lenses of clay in places... 6 Drab sandy micaceous clay with comminuted lignite 5% (Layer of loose, small white quartz pebbles......... yy
{ Mottled yellow and white (some blotches of red) CLAY) She ieria he 8 siororenes Oc otis nis terete ee eee 11 Ironstone band Fine white sand with some layers of slightly in- durated yellow sand. 22. .0c seine nae tele 13 Buff sand of same character, centrally dark and lighter above and below...............--++eeee- 11 Similar’ white! sand. tater ae ee eee eee 4 4 5
Magothy... <
Yellow sand with clay pellets, firmly indurated in Raritan: .- 4) MVACOS 5 6 care lsvceus ers steyers leaves tacuetetiovs eave cicenene tencteterene eres Cross-bedded yellow, buff and pink sand.......... Red and yellow sands with ledges of ironstone and
in places with loose gravel of angular quartz
jo\210) 01 (c\ eae eae nner odes cot G Delo o 10 Finely laminated somewhat sandy white plastic clay 5 Talus coveredslope hiciseist- cise eke teers eternal 25 Loose yellow sand with pink blotches alternating with white clay. The sand indurated in places L and containing ironstone... 25..5..4..-++e2s see 27 Patapsco..... Compact drab clay with lignite, to tide............ 8 : Mota hs, :eaene ee eee bs ee en ee 19514
VI. Section south side of Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 1 mile east of Pivot Bridge, between Mileposts 67 and 68.
Pleistocene. Feet. Talbot....... Somewhat disturbed brownish-yellow to gray sandy loam with bands of pebbles and cobbles at base...... Cretaceous. Dark greenish-black micaceous glauconitic sand with small pockets consisting almost entirely of glauconite Matawan... decidedly green in color. Thin discontinuous band
of small subangular quartz pebbles at base.......... 3 Irregular contact.
e
es rae
pes bee
x
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ee oa oe Sy
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o
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MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 79
Cretaceous. Feet. Magothy.... White to chocolate-colored extremely fine loose sand containing small pieces of lignite in rather definite bands. This layer grades horizontally (to the west) into black plastic clay containing much lignite. Many pieces of lignite are coated or infiltrated with
pyrite and marcasite. Exposed to water’s edge...... 5
VII. Section south side of Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 1% miles east of Pivot Bridge, opposite Milepost 83.
Pleistocene. Feet. Reworked Matawan glauconitic sand................. 9 Wicomico..+ Pebble and boulder band, some angular boulders as much as 3 feet in greatest diameter................. 3 Cretaceous. Matawan.....Mottled dark micaceous glauconitic sand with blotches of lighter color; discontinuous indurated ledge of iron stone 3 inches thick at base.....................-.. 15 Black plastic clay containing much lignite............ 1% Magothy... 4 Loose fine white sand containing considerable lignite.. 314 Loose yellow sand to water’s edge................... 1% TRO Lau steep tata tee ake mee ete ie cist Ney aie eas Notcr ss tise sBace coaid 33%
The two lower layers of the above section grade horizontally (to the west) into a layer of black plastic clay containing lignite and siderite nodules.
VIll. Section north side of Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, *%4 mile west of Summit Bridge, between Mileposts 92 and 93.
Pleistocene. Feet. (Loamy reworked glauconitic sand................ 5 | Gravel and pebble lens, some pebbles 4 inches in - - GWENT AVENE OO ere ee emt te Cae OO Cie MEA IO RRR 1% REDE GD | Reworked glauconitic sand...................---- 3 Gravel band with matrix of glauconitic sand ce- L mented by iron oxide in places................. if Cretaceous. A Matawan....Glauconitic sand containing much mica, occasional small) pebblesijat base. = ti. stores eeiomiemi= clone =e S
rLayer lignite with little other material present in certain places while in other places there is a considerable admixture of black plastic clay with fossil plants. Lignitized logs have been bored by Magothy Teredo. Occasional siderite nodules at top... oe 14%-2 = “*" + Bxtremely fine white loose sand in which are thin bands of plastic black clay containing lignite... 6 Loose buff to yellowish brown to salmon-colored sand containing many irregular iron crusts, some ORM AGE CHST ZC resp terete rete oh he sonal oneted sfidroln) ausiereteuals 9
|
80 THE Uprer Cretacrtous Drposits or MaryLanp
IX. Section north side of Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, ¥% mile west of Summit Bridge, near Milepost 105.
Pleistocene. Veet. Reworked glauconitic sand derived from Matawan and Wicomico.. containing many small pebbles..................... 10 Pebble and cobble band cemented by iron oxide in DIAGOS' aii2 cece OS hs Se yates Ma neice ee 1% Cretaceous. Argillaceous greensand, rich yellow in color, due to Weathering rei. wi2 5 Se Sahel, ed one aeteten arene Nace nee 4 Gray (resembling a mixture of pepper and salt) dark green glauconitic micaceous sand................... 24
Gray to green glauconitic sand containing ferruginous bands and nodules from 1% to 4 inches in diameter, in which are many fossils of gastropods, pelecypods, ammonites, crab claws, and sharks’ teeth with occa- Sional’ crystals of Py pSumMe osc ae eee ene aera 14
Material similar to above layer but without fossiliferous nodules and bands of ironstone. Exposed to water’s CMe eee aig Sree essere Te Bane cee Sa tee eee 12
Matawan...
X. Section north side of Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 30 rods west of Summit Bridge, just west of Milepost 116.
Pleistocene. Feet. Loose coarse buff to yellow cross-bedded sand......... 7
Wicomico..| Band of pebbles and cobbles ranging in size up to 5 inches in diameter in matrix of yellow sand indurated eS Dy- IrOnsOxI devin PlACeSH ya ayarveneteneens ets sete arena eee 2, Cretaceous. Yellowish green to chocolate-colored weathered glaucon- itic sand containing flattened pellets of clay and small innesmarnduantzepepblesmervaac oie ce cicieiiee einen 3% Mottled dark-greenish black to light green glauconitic y sand containing angular to subangular quartz pebbles ¥% inch in diameter and water-worn pieces of lignite, Monmouth..} some of which are 1 inch in diameter; a few fossil casts of pelecypods and gastropods were noted....... 4 Loose gray, buff, to yellow weathered micaceous sand.. 5 Loose, ferruginous yellow micaceous sand containing
SOME ITOM:CLUSESE. Heise are vsustea os Shere ceed obeleinte lees Suensietenee 4 , Light to dark green micaceous glauconitic sand........ 10 LConcealed to water’s edge..............-2 02 ee eeeeeeee 12
MaryLanp GroLoGicaAL SuRVEY 81
XI. Section south side of Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, % mile east of Summit Bridge, opposite Milepost 136. Cretaceous. ‘ Feet. Monmouth... Weathered yellowish brown glauconitic sand indurated
to form rather firm iron sandstone ledges from 6 to 22 inches in thickness; occasional pockets of fresh glau-
CONE San dhaneiSCeMei es «> sities state ceeteiuc ena cereale ware 3 Gray to yellow fine micaceous sand grading into under- LVTIVEM SUM ATTN wer veasee orci a ianeyecrare aie Sgeoaex Setalee.a/evovale in sk vee 10 Matawan...) Ferruginous yellowish-brown sand containing crabs’ CLAWS Ieee ron erehe lor cbevecer polar enate svar cace mn eheLenon ana ooeve terete, whale 2 Dark bluish-black argillaceous glauconitic sand. Ex- DOSed to mwaten’s ed See testarlareisictenctciere iciese verse ie eel 4% TSMC aL aces cts ious ratrchee pet dyn aoe cust chal SSCS, a) dua aSVeebs la picrers) sneccev 19%
XII. Section at mouth of Lloyd Creek, 2 miles east of Betterton, Kent County.
Pleistocene. Feet. Wicomico....Gravels and boulders cemented to form a ferruginous conglomerate in places, in matrix of loose white to
VEL OM SUING pee eueiercsnuaystey-caue sheuseate aodsed naaapete ore: 0 ietaysyewece anise 12 Cretaceous. Monmouth. ..Brownish-yellow to gray sand containing many irregu- lar iron crusts roughly arranged in layers.......... 20 Matawan.....Mottled drab, light yellow, and brown fine sand in which
there are many small pebbles about the size of a pea in the upper portion and in the lower portion numer- ous elongated compact iron stone concretions from 1 to 4% feet in height, 1% feet thick, and 1% to 4 feet wide in an upright position. Exposed........... 28
XIIT. Section %4 mile south of Bodkin Point, Anne Arundel County.
Cretaceous. Feet. CUB SOA, PD Ue SAN OY icine wastes ee et iencie se iaues aca eres urstera lena Th Indurated ferruginous layer................-..-2.+--- 2 Raine Clay, dark drab, containing many lignitized trunks of trees encrusted with pyrite in small well-formed crys- Bee S aa cease etere rays eve (asset Sa nlc ore eda ele lahslous(Si eels acs aceuay’s 5 Gl ay IMOLLLE dS <fosisrterass rere rereletatem leas cisite cuejer dine Sela eice tists y%
82 Tur Upper Cretaceous Drposits or MAaryLAnp
XIV. Section 1% miles south of Bodkin Point, Anne Arundel County.
Cretaceous. Feet. fFSands Joamiy cenit eine oe oreo eee ee 1 | Sandstone, reddish-brown, ferruginous................ 3
| Alternating layers of buff, gray, and black sand con- taining small flakes of muscovite and comminuted Magothy.... ligmitized: plantememains: .ow.eeaccle se eee eee “1% Alternating layers of drab to black clays and fine gray sand. Clay layers contain comminuted plant re- mains and some small pieces of amber while the sand
layers contain much muscovite..................... 2% Raritan...... White sandy clay grading downwards into variegated clay: “Wxposedlsics waste fuidaasw ane eee a ee oe eee 10 ii Wo) Fe} Lee Ae emia ele CN As Aye Scie! caro 18
XV. Section at Park Point, Magothy River, Anne Arundel County.
: Feet. Pleistocene....... Ferruginous sand with iron crusts.................. 2-5 Cretaceous. More or less weathered argillaceous, glauconitic and micaceous orange mottled sand................... 8 Matawan...2 Compact finely micaceous glauconitic, argillaceous, dark greenish fine sand with a few scattered quartz pebbles at the base, forming a sharp contact....... 5
Laminated micaceous, brown, more or less ferruginous
sandy clay with whitish sand films and comminuted Lignitie material siij iii ccilevaclenoire sere tore enn ein oetei eae oe 2-4
Magothy... J Massive, very fine gray sand with only slight traces of | Jieniticematerials= snc osckn eee eee oie Cee 3-4
Rather loose fine buff micaceous stratified sand with { thin horizontal seams of comminuted lignite....... 2-3
XVI. Section near North Ferry Point (Cape Sable), Magothy River.
Pliestocene or Feet. Recent....-.. Sandyloam 2: sc 6 2s.5, saves so meee mie ee eee 1-3 Cretaceous. f Compact fine sand with disseminated glauconite...... 3-4 Compact fine sand with glauconite in pockets about the Matawan... SIZE SOLMMATDILES 2. hye eterate a chee te telael eerie mecbote eerohe eee 3-4 Iron crusts forming a persistent line, in places develop- INlg INFO WEASTSS as .o aks sites lav eleveatete acs ecto ea neheee en hee eae 4-5 Coarse, iron-stained, laminated sands with pellets of Magothy... Ehoel ¢(-) pala err ne Ser NI Bie Ss 5 15-17 Black or brownish clays with comminuted lignite.... 4-5
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 83
XVII. Section at Stony Point 1 mile above North Ferry Point, Magothy River.
Cretaceous. Feet. anmmanedysam Gd serrate cide cistsiseusucvclousveteverefare reve ielineye! «ele cise 6-8 Magothy...+ Black, lignitic clays with marked unconformity at LORISLEVI GS lone Hata Cnc cee DIET OCI CL CeCHER ECCT RRR OCR a eRe 15-20 Raritan...... Piebald, predominantly red plastic clay.............. 1-4 PICO Geaylerese as tere rtnee anes cystat el srs aban char aioe jsmcterel shedeneisia ohgielave 22-32 XVIII. Section at Brennen Sand Company’s pit, Severn River, Anne Arundel County. Cretaceous. Feet. Magothy..... Small pebbles (4% inch) cemented with sand.......... 2 WOaAMSEN Sand eerie theta ie sealae eso elses eles ayeYare ere tatlece evase ete lScera 1% Brick-red and gray mottled clay...................-.- 16 ' Tough, plastic, greenish-black clay.................... 5
Light snuff-colored plastic clay, lower 2 feet showing alternating bands of pink and snuff, varying horizon-
K tally to a pure white pottery clay................... 6 LAME AT ees Win COP San Ui eey mene ele rays ccihs ee eisai oliers saeers alele 3 Light gray clay, with knife edges of white sand........ 3
White glass sand, medium coarse, with some arkose....10
(The Raritan formation has been shown by borings to continue downwards for 77 feet, the upper 30 feet of this being glass sand)
Feet Pleistocene....... SS GUID hiya OUI eeretrevapenchoseetat ons elloselsmara voles Creve eer sia si ave laitele jeiwretevese 3-4 Cretaceous. Matawan.... Fine buff, micaceous sand with weathered glauconite. .16 ‘Chocolate-colored sandy clay with lignite and leaf im- DRESSTOMS prone crtetwecetetenete tetera tone re tcaaiel iat aial ca reve eeeteie nae 3-4
Iron crusts.
Chocolate-colored leaf-bearing clay with irregular pock- ets of white micaceous, somewhat lignitic sand...... 2
Orange and buff sand cross-bedded with thin lamine
Magothy.../ Of chocolate-colored clay and lignitic lens of very
GOMES EHING! oon souecoumosboumecdosooSesDouEaCUnUOODN 0-5 Argillaceous, laminated lignitic beds................ 6 Pyritiferous, micaceous sandy clay................... %-3 biG. WAG Go cooncdocssuobes So ono sa Cou COUR Bo re an 0-2 Sandy, indurated clay ce. ect -ele eee ee alee wee 0-2 Very white compact sand..................2+-.-+00-- 3 hihi arabs compact ssan diya Clay:./sior.- 62 ciere ia eee ers we wi 4
84 THe Upper Creracrous Drposits or Marynanp
XX. Section two-tenths of a mile east of wharf, Round Bay, Severn River.
Cretaceous. Feet. f Green, sandy clay, with brown and yellow sand...... 6 Chocolate-colored sandy clay, weathered on surface to Matawan... buff and yellow, grading into member below........ Black sandy, glauconitic and micaceous clay, massive... 12
Iron crust. Magothy..... Very coarse sand, angular and cross-bedded, with con- siderable lignite ciscs\.). nis cas Aerie clo cosmo ae 6 Totally. sce oi. As5 a sal cease: by cava) sreneie yee erate toler Pee evan 30
XXI. Well at the U. 8S. Naval Academy, Anne Arundel County, Md.
Feet FREGEM tasers cvecterssae Made: Sroundy oe isiecueiers onto we eee mictoiichoe ene 0-20 Hocene. Aquia Coarse orange sand with some clay and bits of shells 20-40 ioe Recta Coarse greenish to orange sand with some clay...... 40-60 Cretaceous. Matawan....Fine greenish sand and dark clay.................. 60-140 Very: tough, Grab elaine cere eeleic ieee ee 140-180 Magothy... 4 Medium gray sand with streaks of light-colored clay; (Sand Swalter bear n empress iratetetenetae Bdbondecodoc 180-220 Tough clay with fine white sand................... 220-250 Fine sand with flowing water..................... 250-270 Coarse water-bearing sand; flowing water.......... 270-306 Tough: red: clay. ccihkccieveciie occ cree toe tee eee 306-340 Pink and red clay with coarse sand................ 340-360 : Coarse brownish sand, water-bearing............... 360-400 Raritan....4 Coarse light buff sand, water-bearing.......... ... 400-415 Pink clay containing gravel....................... 415-435 Crustsof iron Ore? \esiegisrcces eceseeoeeas eee teas ee 435 Vari-colored sand, water-bearing................... 435-465 Crust of ‘iron Ores ecye whale ieee ses arene eae eve eL eS 465 Vari-colored sand, water-bearing................... 465-510 {Crust OF TFODMOLE).. cece scala speeesesceleotie wacker Pe ere eee 510 Dark-blue :clayy 6 Jaxer ete eine sothcke ee eee 510-516 Very tough red or pink clay....................... 516-548 Crust ‘of iron ore Ochi cen ce ee eee 524 and 545 Patapsco.. Yellow sand, lower portion coarse and water-bearing . 548-583 iby fal abo ao) Ech Aeon MOR Becmaiotrn AR Big doit a ty icac’ 6 O10 583-587 Coarse sand and grayel—pebbles % inch in diameter | —large flow of -water is sc.cnng ee ceo eee 587-601 | Very hard: TOG s.cisits fs eee eee ee 601
MaryLanp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 85
XXII. Section of well at East Washington Heights, near Overlook Inn, D. C.
Pliocene (?) Feet. Matayerter sn WoOamMraM de Ravell.jcyy avcusicts os. cleats opera) wre ieiekthelisteletersie cases, aire 15 Miocene. Calvert....... Fine yellow ocherous clay (“marlite”) closely jointed with occasional small leaf imprints, grad- ing into mealy sand, iron crusts at summit........ 40 Cretaceous. : Dark colored, somewhat glauconitic sand............ 15 Magothy... {Light drab laminated sandy clay, at times carbon- ACO OMS rcrcteycuckehe) totedece ate tice cxecolans orchsichtintete wioval siehesste avers 8
f Loose buff, brown, yellow, gray and white sugary sands, more or less cross-bedded and indurated,
with light drab leaf-bearing clay................. 25 Raritan Massive and stratified bluish-drab clay, at times lig- rate nitic and pyritiferous and occasionally blotched Wilby TedvOCheNstejainersomiccs. oreuiieeneieys teri sicia owielesiepatehe 10 White clay in local lenses. Massive and stratified light-colored and drab clay, interbedded.......... 10 {Dense variegated and drab, jointed clay, grading at times into sand, lower portion more or less covered Patapsco. . 4 by flanking of Pleistocene and “wash”........... 100-++ Red and drab clay with ferruginous sandstone largely [ covered by flanking of Pleistocene and “wash’’.... 70+ Patuxent....Beginning 20 feet below tide. Cross-bedded arkosic ‘ sand, with interbedded clay. estimated............ 440 Crystallines...... At level below tide of 460 feet. MO Gale Trey gener Mckee custrsne mete rsthe enters Seas 733
INTERPRETATION OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS DEPOSITS
The Upper Cretaceous formations indicate the presence of a great variety of geological conditions during their deposition. During the epoch in which the Raritan beds were being laid down, conditions were more nearly like those of preceding Lower Cretaceous than later in Upper Cretaceous time. A considerable interval must have elapsed, however, after the deposition of the Patapsco formation during which the Lower Cretaceous formations were materially eroded, since the Raritan strata overlie the older beds with a clearly defined erosional unconformity. Furthermore, a very great change in plant life had taken place in the interval between the Patapsco and Raritan epochs.
The Raritan beds are more generally arenaceous than the preceding Patapseo formation and contain but little arkose as compared with the
86 THE Upper Cretaczous Drposits or MarynLAnp
sands of the Lower Cretaceous formations. The presence of such exten- sive deposits of arenaceous sediments indicate in all probability a renewed depression of the coastal border and the transportation again of coarser materials into the area of deposition. Many of these materials were doubtless obtained from the earlier Cretaceous strata, but only the more solid quartz grains resisted the processes of transportation. Much, how- ever, was doubtless brought from the Piedmont and Appalachian areas by the streams which had their sources within those regions.
There is no evidence, however, that marine waters entered the region of Raritan sedimentation since no marine fossils have been observed. ‘The irregular and frequent cross-bedding of the strata suggest that the deposition was partially continental in character combined with sedimen- tation in broad lagoons into which the streams poured a large amount of clastic material. The rapid changes from coarse to fine sand and often-
times to clays indicates constantly changing currents with the formation
of bars and spits on the floors of the lagoons. The discovery in New Jersey of a few molluscan forms of probably estuarine habitat indicates that the sea could not have been far distant.
Some of the less sorted materials suggest fluviatile conditions over por- tions of the area particularly at the opening of the epoch, while eolian transportation may well have been a factor as we see so frequently to-day in the proximity of coast lines where sandy deposition is taking place.
That an extensive flora covered the coastal border and doubtless spread over the upland areas is clearly evident by the abundance of plant remains which are found at certain points where the sediments were of a type to preserve them. Unfortunately no traces of terrestrial animal life have been detected, although such must have existed m profusion during Raritan time.
The close of Raritan sedimentation was evidently marked by conti- nental oscillations by which the sea floor of that period was elevated and eroded with a subsequent depression that carried the margin lower to the southward than to the northward, with the result that a gradual trans- gression of Magothy deposits takes place from that direction.
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MaryLanp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 87
With the opening of the Magothy epoch a considerable change was already manifest, although the lagoons must still have existed over much of the area in which the rapidly alternating arenaceous and argillaceous sediments were deposited. Somewhat varying deposits are found, but in general the strata become persistent over wider areas and marine fossils, such as characterize the Magothy areas in southern Maryland, as well as farther north on the shores of Raritan Bay in New Jersey, indicate the entrance of the sea in places. The area of sedimentation must, however, have been near the shore, for land plants are splendidly preserved at many points and doubtless lived at no great distance from the sea along the coastal border.
The rapidly alternating deposits of sand and clay over considerable areas suggest current changes that may find their explanation in pro- nounced seasonal differences. In other localities, however, homogeneous deposits of considerable thickness give no such indications.
There is little to suggest any great depth of water in the present known area of Magothy deposition beyond the finding of traces of glauconite in the more marine sediments at one or two localities. Although little is known regarding the actual origin of glauconite, except through the medium of foraminiferal disintegration, yet it is quite conceivable that these slightly glauconitic beds may have been at inconsiderable depths under conditions of slow deposition of terrigenous materials, since so much of the Magothy lithology is littoral in character, as are also the marine faunas.
The close of Magothy time witnessed a further oscillation of the sea floor with probable erosion along the coastal margin but with the early renewal of seaward tiltimg which for the first time during the Cretaceous period brought the sea widely over this portion of the Coastal Plain. The very marked changes in sediments and the widespread uniformity of materials suggest that the old barriers were broken down as the result of a greater seaward tilting. To the north of Maryland there seems to be some evidence of oscillation during Matawan time in the slight faunal changes recorded, but in Maryland the marine faunas show but slight
88 THE Upper Cretaceous Deposits or MaryLanpb
differentiation from the beginning to the end of the Matawan time, and although some variations in sedimentation took place, there is no ade- quate basis for anything but local divisions of the strata.
It is probable that this depression so characteristic of Matawan time may have carried the sea over the area of earlier Cretaceous sediments and on to the Piedmont district, for we find widely scattered through the beds, particularly in the lower strata, a very pronounced admixture of mica flakes making the micaceous sandy clays of this formation among the most diagnostic deposits. No adequate source for these materials can be found in the earlier Coastal Plain formations and it seems likely that they must have been derived from the Piedmont gneisses, either through direct coastal contact or by transportation down the wide rivers ito the sea.
The Matawan sediments now preserved in Maryland and farther north show that clearly defined marme conditions had been established over the entire district, but farther south m North Carolina the repetition of marine and nonmarine sediments went on during Magothy and Matawan time as shown in the Black Creek beds of that area. It is evident, there- fore, that no great interval of time could have elapsed after the close of ‘the Magothy and the opening of the Matawan, although pronounced physical changes are apparent in the Maryland area. :
A much greater change, however, marked the close of the Matawan, and although marine conditions still persisted a very considerable change had taken place in the faunas, while the oscillations of the sea floor caused the transgression of the Monmouth strata southward over the Magothy deposits with the complete overlapping of the Matawan formation. This marked change in the fauna and to some extent also in the sediments indicates that physical and faunal changes of no mean proportions had been initiated. This faunal change has now been traced all the way from New Jersey to the Gulf, and is one of the significant divisional lines in the Cretaceous deposits of the Atlantic border.
The greatly mereased proportion of glauconite in the sediments sug-
gests somewhat deeper, or at least more open, seas, free from the influence
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UPPER CRETACEOUS, PLATE VI
Fic. I—vVIEW OF SECTION ALONG CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL, SHOWING MATAWAN FORMATION OVERLYING MAGOTHY FORMATION.
Fic. 2.—VIEW ON LINE OF CHESAPEAKE BEACH RAILROAD NEAR CENTRAL AVENUE, SHOWING MAGOTHY FORMATION OVERLAIN BY MONMOUTH FORMATION.
MaryLanp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 89
of land-derived materials. A very much greater proportion of glauconitic materials at times shows that the seas must have been clear and that most of the terriginous materials had been already deposited near the shore- line of the time.
To the northeast of Maryland later Cretaceous deposits appear, repre- senting the later epochs of the Upper Cretaceous period, but they are absent in Maryland, in all probability because of the extensive trans- gression of the Tertiary. While in the northern part of the New Jersey Coastal Plain the Eocene deposits succeed the Cretaceous with little or no unconformity, in Maryland the break represents a long interval im time, ineluding not only the later epochs of the Cretaceous but the earliest
epochs of the Eocene.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAUNA AND FLORA
The following tables show the geological and geographical distribution of the animal and plant remains that haye been found in the Upper Cretaceous deposits of Maryland and adjoining areas in Delaware and the District of Columbia. The writer is indebted to Hdward W. Berry for the list of fossil plants and to Julia A. Gardner for the list of animal remains. ‘The species in these tables will be fully described in subsequent
chapters.
LO
90 Tue Uprrr Cretacrtous Deposits or MaryLANnp
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
4
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iat a 5 Pant Be Matawan Formation Monmouth Se Formation | a = L S) Salama cy Ss ney ‘S| ia al. (Gls Meas SPECIES | a | kee Coe ete tar] ies SeSREEEE EEEEEE | ff EEE Al Waele: ales Cl eae amie ae to) SSJSISelelela idididi-id). ia > = . # 5 tagl S/E/EIElEIEIS( [SISIEClIaIS (&] Hlelesleslect. le - S|] Set] a] Sia] sla lala als aig |S Eels ela Se las & Alla] [SIOSSSloj6 jolcio|=|5|\2 BIES SS SISEle [Sls (Slell|<l<lal-lal- |-|<\-|Cl-iSalel ClISSESIS sls [ia = salalaisifjalaia -idlaial isis ele] a) Je |Szsesia jale ml da 3 e lool. aleloalsls so Dl al; a |S] |s)-3]al8 2)2|2,/222 4 28s Esleecee ORs |S! Realy ole! ealell qieclis elise a Bel = 2 el" o|e & SRISSloIs|E[o|S|SS|S|S Fo © AIR elie alee g ete iS) = |S sSisieeisiaia sisiea-is\2 el2 leis cla alecie late SSNSASSI8 |= S)4/// Elm] e 2s] s SISlo alee Sela _| 2/8 S a ES 3 |S) |zl 2) a] Ble] e)BC Sle Be giao BIA Sl e/R SE Slecleslsre © HO] 431.5] 5] S| S15) 5) S| $=) 6) 5) 5) | S| RO) a2 | 5) Oo) 6 Be) SA als GB OpaiaRlala|ajalaja [alias jOlS |Se | iio [pe [ea VERTEBRATA—REPTILIA ‘ Thoracosaurus neocesariensis .............+0-2--+- Rood sd balou alocliod nel oddal boca sclaabalbcl Sclscd-lba locate! lso
Thoracosaurus sp. .......-..-- Hyposaurus rogersii
VERTEBRATA—PISCES
Marna ie leg ansipcire/-telatsetoini-elalsticiei we wicirelevereicletei ne sictele Hobe
Lamna cuspidata .. Corax pristodontus .. Corax faleatus .... Enchodus dirus .. Ischyrhiza mira ...
MydiobatisObesusyycries)-teterei<tesieieinte cl mintete metastases aed a
ARTHROPODA—CRUSTACEA
Holopariaweabbiteen-c-cmarticeaceceaceremeacenerer Hopel|lol Sel eelioells
Holoparia gladiator .. Callianassa mortoni ................ Callianassa mortoni var. marylandica . Callianassa conradi ................-.-- Callianassa conradi var. punctimanus Callianassa clarki ..................
Calllianassaasp aindetwmererccaeeeccie eee erent aee Bee ale et ol
MOLLUSCA—CEPHALOPODA
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Baculites asper .......... Pachydiscus complexus Baculites ovatus .... Scaphites hippocrepis . Placenticeras placenta . Sphenodisecus lobatus ...... Mortoniceras delawarensis .
Belemnitella americana .................-..- Sosa dlbnod||aclediec|locisc|lodisc)salioa|e
MOLLUSCA—GASTROPODA
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Acteon gabbana .
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Haminea mortoni ...
Haminea cylindrica ... Acteocina forbesiana ..
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92 Tuer Upper Cretacrous Deposits or MaryLAnp
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
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MOLLUSCA—GASTROPODA—Cont’d
Moreaymaticell diya cemecitseaciciaernineiseeeiee ci see seeelleefecten|ecfes[e ale sfeele cee eeleelenleslealecleee Morea marylandica ...... * Paladmete cancellaria .. Turris sedesclara .... Turris welleri .. Turris monmouthe F Turris terramaria ... Surcula amica ........... Olivella monmouthensis . Rostellites nasutus ...... Rostellites marylandica ..... (2)Rostellites jamesburgensis . Volutomorpha conradi ....... Volutomorpha perornata .. Liopeplum leiodermum .. Liopeplum cretaceum ...... Liopeplum monmouthensis .. Vulpecula reileyi ............ Xancus alabamensis Xancus intermedia . Pyropsis perlata .... Pyropsis trochiformis . Pyropsis reileyi ....... Pyropsis septemlirata Pyropsis whitfieldi .. Pyropsis retifer .. Pyropsis lenolensis ...... Serrifusus nodocarinatus Piestochilus bella ....... Odontofusus medians . (?)Fasciolaria juncea . (?)Fasciolaria sp. .... Pyrifusus marylandica Pyrifusus vittatus .. Pyrifusus whitfieldi Pyrifusus cuneus ... (?)Pyrifusus elevata ..... Pyrifusus monmouthensis .. Pugnellus densatus ........ Pugnellus goldmani Anchura rostrata ... Anchura pennata . Anchura hebes ... Anchura pergracilis ....... selesles 2 Anchura monmouthensis .......2..eceeeeeeceeceee PeAdlledba sa laaiadlacdicd bulsasoodiac bolbolpe|bcltecdllae boonlbs|-sactiocodlycaciorc
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AjUNOH 8.951089 soUlIg *A[pusliy
AJUNGD 8,a5100x) VOULIg UEsBe[d 79g Iwo 94BISq Syoorg
AYUNOD 8,asd109H soullg ‘quesva[d }vag JO 4SaA\ Jno “yf “yf
DOR RK OK OK KOR OK KOK KOR KOK ROK DR OK ROK KOK
AJUNOD 8,Aad100y) VoUTIG “eas}yoLig
AyunoH japuniy suuy ‘Aunqieze A,
DKK OK KK OK OF
AjunopH jepunry suuy “o[[TASLOT [IW
“AJUNO/) }U8T, ‘YaoID S,1ouIny, Jo YNOW JUNOD [loaD “UMOzOWepoty Juno, [1de) ‘steutoH 8,40ARD AYUNOD [oa You s,uraigojoog Ivau Yau viulayor Yuvq 7Y SIR
ol.
Sialic
OMIT woe
94. Tur Upper Creracnous Drposirs or MAryLANnp
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
j eg iz | a} ie) . | Monmouth FI 5 Matawan Formation Il) Sngertecrann co} me = | | ! 5 ah ea int ge z | Qa % 3S [ox] r=] 5 SPECIES CAT ee egal ee ies tet oiet t SISSISIBISISIS (EISISIEISIE IE] (Sl (2 I2 lel fel | | EEREERER ERBSEs lle) ia eae ele iS) mlslalalShalala lslalaiciaic lel eleleslesiizaio | 16 SEIE(EVSIEIE|2 [EEIEAE (5| Ziciezleeleeie fe] |s . SS) 8 es) S| cy) ce] S| cs oS] oS] oS] a3] SIE [ry Slee Sa sie sie | See Ala] [OOOO IO|O|O jOjOOM IO \-| Seles SVS Ele 16)sls o| . . ES} | Old oD oO @ E'S ale oNAlalelAl-l-lalelal= |A|-|-/O] 13 a] OlECIs s alee = BIAISIA/A) AIRS c\A\9/4) Ala ele] | Pos oie B= et lle ie ies és B | S|lslz|2l2|*|s)2|3 o|2l2|2|Slsle SSE sla(scleslogis | Eels alal | || lol ll cl | | S| (SB Cl ale S/Cl@sl a Sle ale [S/R] 8 |PsslclololClojolop|olojoleio/? \Ala eis see alm sols 2 2} El aler|eoloo}c| aloolen alrleolso 16 SA] 2| 2 sI9/o s]2< Easley Zia | Ss SISIRISIRISIS/S/S sisleleleiSie slBl 0/515 o|Fala lis 5|2)5 ESAS tebe pet IPS kel lai=] b=) Ale io Bia Sl El, 8 | e\PlelelaloleleloleSlelele|s)o|" fa) 2s) 2/0 sis sites). alae S| .|2|2|e|2| Sala) ar) alae E)zlad| aes able alesse Slag) sec @| 43] S| o| S| o| 9] 6] S| Oo —] o| 6] ol 5| OIRO] ala siElotio6 215A) a) Slo SAlAILS|Llele |SlISllalcls ISi6 |Sle lz oo (A [leas MOLLUSCA—GASTROPODA—Cont’d Genithinmgpilsbryileeessee eee eeceee ener eens Rone tselecliog sola acts Epitonium marylandicum Epitonium cecilium ......
Laxispira lumbricalis Vermetus circularis .... Serpulorbis marylandica Turritella bonaspes ..... Turritella delmar Turritella paravertebroides . Turritella encrinoides .... Turritella trilira ..... Turritella tippana ........... Psuedomelania monmouthensis Xenophora leprosa ............ Solarium monmouthense . Gyrodes petrosus .... Polynices altispira Polynices halli Lunatia halli ........ Amauropsis meekana ... Amauropsis compacta .. Margarites depressa . Margarites abyssina .. Margarites elevata ...
Discohelix lapwdosuste-eeere eee eee eee pace a rlRale Pale a Bel else a OPS ees bello dali MOLLUSCA—SCAPHOPODA DenvalawOep ANP eN CHUM eee eee ee eee nei popallbalaalleciing
MOLLUSCA—PELECYPODA Nucula slackiana Nucula amica ... Nucula microstriata Leda whitfieldi ...... Leda rostratruncata Yoldia longifrons .. Yoldia gabbana .... Yoldia noxontownensis . Perrisonota protexta ... Perrisonota littlei .... Nemodon eufaulensis . Nemodon stantoni .. Nemodon cecilius .. Cucullwa vulgaris .. Cucullea carolinensis Cucullea antrosa ... Arca obesa .........--.. Baloo bdisalsalcdballsnodtalla Ajoons ‘Arca, (Barbatia) ysattordilen.=-neeoseeeee eee eens Sosd balaclisd be ladbdsdliadtdllasadbsllodaalbslbalpoaciaelacos
MaryLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
R
OUTSIDE DISTRIBUTION
vipuy yn
OS
UOTJBULLOF LOO[BLLY
uorjpeutoy APOdouryorny,
UOTJBULIOF 100}tJ0O
UBLInpy
ueruediuey UBLIaYOSUIG]
10T.10}UT W1a}so
MN
HOBULIOY STITH XO
WOMBUIIOY A110
dnows ope1ojop
sexo,
UOTJUULIOJ OLIGACN
- Nor BInto yao TANT
UOLjBULIOS UTjSHy
ying ussyseq
9U0Z BIBISOD *
fOr,
ou0z BSO..epuod *
UONBUIO, BUTS |
9U0Z B}LS00
uorEus0, Lordy |
9u0z tSOlopuod *
o|o'°o
WOTBUNIOy MING
| |
2
WOljBUIOF BSOOTvOSHY,
Seurpoiry oy,
UWOlUULOF dopIoq
WOBULIO; Yaar yourg
Spaq_jlopueppuN
Aasioe MAN
UOljVUILOF SBOODULY
uOTyBUIIO; YNOULOP,
UOIZBULIOF UBM LILY
WONBuIIO; AYODEW
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
‘ed JO uoreUIOy UenbseuLyy
[Ed JO uoTJeUIIOy skoooUTY
"19d ¥ “PW JO WoryeuII0; YynoWMUO;
DR KR RR kK OK ROK
2d ® "PW JO uoTjeMI0; UBMEC
“PW JO UoRBUL0y AYoRL
UOIPRULIO NT SrooouTyy
Monmouth Formation
“Pd ‘Puog UMO}JUOXON AON
"Ted ‘puog UMoJWOXON Jepaey YING ‘9d “‘puog UMoj,WOXON
‘Pa 21H yururamboddy apis yqnos
«AQUI 8,aB100H oouLIg “UOPSUTYSG AA 4.10,
AJUNOD §,ad100H VULIG “TIE WOxO JO WyNOs sazror Z
AJUNOD §,ad100x) VOULIg ‘s1ou109 SAaNOW
AJUNOD §,9dL004) dUTIG ‘A[pUSly] JO 4SaM optu 7
AYUNOD 8,ed100H aouttg ‘A[puotiyy AJUNOD S,adlooy oOdULIg uesna[d Jvog wou 94e4S7 Syoo1g
AJUNOD §,9d100H duly ‘juesva[d }Bag JO 4SaM 4nd “yY “y
AjUuNOH 8,a5100H aoulig yvosyysig AjunoH jepunsty suuy ‘Aingi9}B Ay
AjUNOH japunry suuy ‘al[Aswa[| cy
*AVUNOD ueyy *yaoID S,louIny, JO YINOW FUNOD [oa ‘UNO; yONIepanT
AJUNOD [loa ‘yaorH s,uBuryo}00; AAU YaxAIO viMoyoy yurq 7YysnT
AQUNOH [09H ‘sieutoy s8,j04eD
96 Tire Upper Creracrous Derrosits or MaryLanp
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
=| =| = | Ze Matawan Formation Monmouth SE | Formation ae I | tf ] ] | > a | - | | ey = \s 3 | | | | Ial a] |e 5 | | eth x =| ie} SPECIES Petal tel dal. ates) tei 1S Sea | SERRE BARE isl fl [a ole le (ay 1A) | \- rs |) GEERRGEE ERRSES Pl jel i jog ils io} alalalalslelsla Islaldlaiai; (s] elal-slesi84is 5 Belelelsialale (elelaicis® (el glelseieeiec. fal Ie - S] 8) s\al5) a) aia |aiciclalaig |S) S/S> kim Sie is oe, Ala SeSeBecio ReeEse Sle Sy SISElE |Slsls 5 Fell a NES Lis: PAS eyes eles th iz oO Alo = AlsigidisiciAldisiaiaialallaissl8 | eClscleasia jello ig |} 318 5/2 i G\gio SS/SSESSISS SBle Ede FE |) Be |B] -B] eee) | 2) 3) 4/2) 3/8) eleig SlElSclklocimol ose | 5)o)e Fc) je (ee I ost Vs slesles(les| SCL aIS Sle |@slo Sle ele P= =I B |PPBO|O|S|C) ~|O|O|ODJO|S|O/Flo| © JA IIS Ele ei Sam [eos S lo] Ml aloles|o0| Bl alooles alr|oles| lta) 3 2).| S151 S19 SI] BE mia q S| SSSIZIIS|S/SIS Epsls3|9l |S ia BIS a SIS al! alla che |Slele S|) NAINA Aa) Asis ela 6 Slo) 5 S18 - si Ssia_|o Se DS W6\Plelelolale|eloloSlololo] Slo!" fal 2 6/20 els Sli S| alolel a 3 |sl.3| 2/31/3182 | SiS 1S\ele slo eC lala ele ee ee lelele GB Alal|RlalaialSlalale jalelelalals jos |B fe ica joy eelaics $735 igs I | 1 ] | MOLLUSCA—PELECY PODA—Cont’d | | dp) Arcan(Barbatia) ian diesecisiaa-eheeeteeeeiee eects . 2| Glyecymeris (Postligata) wordeni . 3| Glycymeris mortoni .............. 4| Pinna laqueata Conrad ......... : 5 | Inoceramus confertim-annulatus . 6| Pteria petrosa .. 7| Pteria rhombica ........... . 8| Ostrea larva subsp. falcata . 9| Ostrea larva subsp. nasuta ... 4 10 | Ostrea larva subsp. mesenterica q 11 | Ostrea plumosa ................. Saba babe alee Bellod aelee's balsae i oA 12 | Ostrea monmouthensis . onal Se bel bleahelen sco bc bos Balas Pa 13 | Ostrea faba ....... Aeahos z 14| Ostrea tecticosta . a HbA Bal bg bel tol Satlog fs Palys 15 | Ostrea subspatulata . 4 Bal ae Beoe oe ees Bat Bee ena! lisrcict ls 16 | Exogyra costata Say .. “ elbHlen cae boot nas :
17 | Exogyra cancellata ... 1g | Exogyra ponderosa ................ 19 | Gryphea (Pycnodonte) vesicularis ..... 20| Gryphza (Pycnodonte) vesicularis, Race A. 21| Grypheza (Pycnodonte) vesicularis, Race B. 22,| Gryphea (Pyenodonte) vesicularis, Race C. 23) Gryphea (Pyenodonte) vesicularis, Race D. palbood tae 21| Gryphza (Pycnodonte) vesicularis, Race E....... esoallea
25 | Gryphaa(Pycnodonte) (? vesicularis subsp.) pusilla|.... 26| + Gryphea (Gryphzxostrea) vomer ...............- see 27 | Trigonia eufalensis ............... wafers
28|Trigonia cerulea ... 29 | Trigonia marionensis . 30} Pecten argillensis .. 31)| Pecten whitfieldi ... 32 | Pecten venustus .- 33 | Pecten cliffwoodensis . 34| Pecten conradi ..... 35) Pecten simplicius ..... 36| Pecten quinquecostata . 37| Lima reticulata ........ 38 | Lima serrata .. 39 | Lima obliqua .. 40 | Paranomia scabra 41 | Paranomia lineata .. 42| Anomia argentaria . 43 | Anomia tellinoides . S50) fen) fey fey fo ale A Sg el odd bet podicllen! bona ha bace|iagoul|iss . 44| Anomia ornata ....... esallladhalad dias 3 dd ibelbolbct bes 5 58 a 2
45 | Anomia forteplicata .. 46 | Modiolus burlingtonensis 47 | Modiolus trigona ................
t+ Eocene of the Middle Atlantic Coast and Gulf.
~~ i=)
MaryLAnp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
|
OUTSIDE DISTRIBUTION
vIpuy WINS
UOTIBUIIOF LO0[ BILLY
uoT}eUUIOY ApOdOUTYOTAT,
WOTJBULIO} 10038700
UBLIn}y adoing | UBIULdUIED |
| WeLleyosury
| Soe —_sMOTWBUNAOY STITH XO
| Saree ; ‘ uorjeultoy otetg ee ae dnois ope10j0p
| z 7 WOT}ZVUIIO} OLIVAEN
| sexog, WOT}BUUIO} AO[AB IL,
WOTyBUIOy ULJsny
JIND usaysey
9U0Z B}L}SOO “OT
ROT EMO TEELES. | 9u0Z BsO1opuod “TW
9U0% B}LISOD “A
He PRU OM ATH Ea 9u0Z BSOLOpuod “q
WOTBULIO; AEN
WOTjBUIO, BSOO[LOSHy,
SBuIpOIRD LL
WOTj}LUI0} dapaeg
UOIJBUIIOZ Yaa YorrA
Speq jopueppuy
Aosior MON
UOT}BULIOF SBOODUBY
“UOTJBULIO} YINOULUO;|
WOMeUlIo; URMEILIY
UOlyeUIo; AYOSePY
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
‘Ted JO uoeuII0y URnbseuRpyy
“Jeq JO UOIjeUIIOY SrooouRyy
PC ® PW JO WorjeurIOy YJNoOUUO;T
12d ® “PW JO UojeurIo0y UBMLzL
"PIN JO WUOTZEUIIOS AYJOSBW
UOMRULIO stoooury
Jed ‘puog UMOJUOXON WIN
‘Jed ‘puog UMOJUOXON Jepasy yINOS
"PC ‘puog UMO0}UOXON
‘Ted ‘jee19 yurutumnboddy apis yN0g
Monmouth Formation
AVUNOD 8,es1084) dUuLIg *MOJSULYSE AA J10K7
AWZUNOD 8,a8108x%) ddUlI A ‘TIEH WoxO JO 4yNOs sazrur Z
AJUNOH S,asil0ax) VdULIg ‘s1aul0p SAONOW
AYUNOD 8.951005) soulIg ‘K[puatt JO JSAM aur T
AYUNOD 5,e91004H doutIg ‘ATpueniy
AZUNOH 8,as10ex) IUTIG ‘juesea[d JBag Ivau 24ej}Sq Syoorg
AYUNOD S,ed109y) VuUlTg ‘\uesea[d 189g JO SAA 4nd “Ay “2
AjunoH s§,as10ak) sould “4vas}youg
_ Ayano jepuniy euuy “Ainqioze A
Ajunog Jepuniy suuy ‘aT[tAsie[ OW
AyunO) 4UeasT *ya0I1p §.10uIny, JO yINOW
AyuNOD [lWaD ‘UMOJIyOWopaLy
AYUNOH [lox ‘SsiouI0H s8,j0ARH
AJUNOH [oa “Hae s,uBoiyojzoog eau Yap BiuWeyog YUeq 4YoIy
Sng eeae
OMIDWUIS Wor
98 Tue Uprrr Creracrous Drpostrs or MaryLanp
SPECIES
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
Matawan Formation
agothy Formation
| M
Del.
Del. Canal, Del.
Post 239 C. & D. Canal, Del.
1% miles east Md.-Del. Line,
Del.
Canal, Canal, Del. Canal, Post 133 0. & D, Canal, Del. Canal, Del.
‘Del.
& D. Canal, Del.
& D.
& 1. Canal, Del. Post 198 C. & D.
& D. Canal, Del.
1 & D.
Delaware Citv, & D. Canal
John Higeins farm, Del. Post 156, Briar Point, C. & D. Canal,
Anne Arundel County Ulmstead Point, Anne Arundel County
Head of Magothy River,
Anne Arundel County : North Shore Round Bay, Severn River,
Anne Arundel County 2 miles west of Delaware City on
(Camp U & 1) Post 157 C. & D. Canal, Del.
Del. Head of Bohemia Creek,
Burklows Creek, Del.
Cc. Cassidy’s Landing, Cecil County
Gibson’s Island,
Summit Bridge, C. & D. Canal, Del. :
Post 136 GC. & D. Canal, Del. Post 105 C. & D.
Good Hope Hill, D. CG. St. George’s, Del.
Post 249 C
Post 286 C.
Post 208n C.
Post 201 C.
Post 192 C. & D.
Post 218 C. Bohemia Mills. Cecil County
MOLLUSCA—PELECYPODA—Cont’d
Lithophaga ripleyana ......... Lithophaga conchafodentis . Lithophaga julie ........... Lithophaga lingua ... Lithophaga twitchelli . Crenella serica ...... Crenella elegantula .. Dreissena tippana ...... Pholadomya occidentalis . Pholadomya conradi .... Periplomya elliptica Liopistha protexta .. Liopistha alternata .. Cuspidaria ampulla . Cuspidaria cucurbita Veniella conradi ... Crassatellina carolinensis . Crassatellites vadosus .... Crassatellites subplanus . | Crassatellites linteus ... Crassatellites pteropsis . Venericardia ? intermedia | Myrtzea stephensoni .... Phacoides noxontownensis Tenea parilis ........... Cardium eufaulense . Cardium spillmani .. Cardium dumosum .. Cardium tenuistriatum . |Cardium kiimmeli ..... Dosinia obliquata . Cyclina parva .....
3 | Meretrix eretacea ...:.1:..-..
Antigona (Aphrodina) tippana . Legumen planulatum .. Legumen carolinensis | Cyprimeria depressa . Cyprimeria major ... Tellina georgiana .. Tellina gabbi ...... Tellinimera eborea ... ‘Enona eufaulensis .. Linearia metastriata . Solyma lineolata .... Leptosolen biplicata
99
MaryLanp GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OUTSIDE DISTRIBUTION
BIpuy IINOg |
adoingy
1119489 \\
J[nH useyseq
O10 =H 19 0 I~ 00 o>
UOT}BUIIOJ LOO[RLUIY
_worjeuiioy ATodouryorsy,
UOTFBULIOJ 10038 }0()
ueLingy
uprucduiep
sHeatove|s =f 29, - 30
UBioOSULgy
UOTFBULIOS STIL XO
UOIZBUMIOJ IIT
dnoas oprrojo)
ha ——i“(itw*sC*C*C#MHOT BUOY OLICATNY
WOryeuIo; LOTAGy,
UOLjCULIO; UTSHy
9U0Z B}LISOD “HL
UOTeUIO,, BILL COM 18 | a10Z BSO.opuod “fj
9U0Z B}LISOD “GT
OATES ONL ASLET | 9U0Z BsO.epuod “oT
WOWeULIOF ALIN
UOT}BUIIO, BSOO[LOSIL,
SBULTOIBD ONT,
WOMBULIO, dapood
UOT{BUMIOF Sool) Youre |
Speq Mopueppry
Aasiar MAN
WOlJBUIOY StOOoUBY
UOWJBULIOY NOW!
UOLJRULIO, ULALIL
WOrFBULIOY AqORuW
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
‘ad JO uoLeULIOy ULnbseuLy
‘Tod JO uoKeUI.0y SeooouRy
Ted ¥ “PW JO worjeuMoy yNouUO;,
Tod ® ‘PW JO worjeuts0; TEAL
‘PIN JO UONBultoy AtJOSRW
WON RUIOY Svo00uty]
‘TPC ‘puog UMO}UOXON woN
‘lad ‘puog UMOJUOXON Jopoay TjNog
[Od “‘pudgd UMOojPUOXON
‘Pa Sex1H yururumboddy apis ynog
Monmouth Formation
AJUNOGD 8.9009) OUTIL WLOPSULYSEM JLO\T
AJUNOD 8.901004) VOUT “TLE WOXO JO YyNOsS satrur Z
AJUNOD §,ad109y VuULI ‘sIouUl0M SfON OW
AJUNOD §,95L09) VOUT We ‘ATPUSTLT JO 4SOA a[TUL T
AVUNOH 8,99100;) vouTIg “ATPUarA\T
APUNOH §,ad109¥) DOULA ‘uUsta[d JBAS wou 97BjISH SYoo.rg,
ss AJUNOD §,ad100 vuLIg “jUEsRe[d Jeag JO JSAM 4nd “yz “2y _ AQUNO). 3,98.1004) doULIg uospystug
AVUNOH jopunty suuy ‘Ainqioye py
AyunoH jepunty ouuy ‘ol [lAsie[ [TW “AJUNOD Jue,
au §.1ouIny, JO yINoW
JUNO [LEH “UMOPJOMOpaLT
JUNO [lov ‘SiouIOH 8,jOALH AVUNOH [loaH ‘YooiH Ss uBuryojoog
Avau Ya vruleyog yuvq WYSHyT
100 THE Upper Cretaceous Deposits or Marynanp
OMOWA MAI wlLore
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
= All ve) j 2 a) Matawan Formation Monmouth | Se Formation oe | os I ony | 7 | | | i Pa Ei Fag i VE le] 12) ae [= iS) MB ic |s > | to) SPECIES dededol sl alela aS |” le aie ee Dol\alo/S\ sols \slels/sia/e [5 S 2S 1A teh he | | jalajaajaeiaa jajaaisias |§ e| |e |G_le |g z | [et SF ee <a h io) SSSI Slit is). te) Bl Cl Pig a ol’ Ala [SloSssios joss SIE eo eiS Ee Sse) AWA de abaysicialiie alialicteyic tek le < a|o Ale 3 Alsididididlelaicia idlaiaClajsal) _eCleclasia lelcis a) |S 3 S é Bs) 38/3/55] Salle ol. |e) FE | BY e222 |e) ||| 8 os |8 23/8) 88) B/E) Bo) 8) Selec OR a g\sl8 =a] on ~ is) ls S| 2 Plslo[ojdio[2lojolsa|oidiojzjd|® Ae eeiseleel esi |slole| 8 | 2|FlelelslalSlalole alslole| isl ool a(S SS Bs =| S13] E] SIA|Ala/N/SlaA/S SSRIS else 8l e/g e)0 a7 algae oles 3 2\lsleielelsielelecislelsl del =z] 2 El 2/e EIS Blecio Sis=le 8 |['3|.:|3) 3) 3) 3) 3) 3) 3) S| 313) 8) E) S) no) fie ES) S<Es| Sa) Si ers BG Ola [Sala lalae, (Ilalels JOO [DIE la lig |ay felesieg MOLLUSCA—PELECY PODA—Cont’d | | Th HOSCEN OWED, oooponnssancoodscscccuasopsone 2604 [oelboalfao}5o) | Cymbophora berryi ... co Cymbophora wordeni . Corbula bisuleata .. Corbula crassiplica .
Corbula monmouthensis . Corbula terramaria .... Corbula percompressa Corbula subradiata
Panope decisa ...... Panope monmouthensis .... Panope bonaspes ....... eo00
Pholas pectorosa .. Martesia cretacea . Teredo irregularis .. Teredo rhombica
MOLLUSCOIDEA—BRACHIOPODA Terebratula harlani Morton ..............--.+++2++ Fada ladiealseiscdeepcloc|belad boca babaleab
MOLLUSCOIDEA—BRYOZOA
Stomatopora regularis ............02s.eeeeeeee ence sacalleallsaiscllocioe}foclse|faclian Stomatopora kiimmeli Berenicea americana .. Crisina striatopora ... Filifascigera megera . Lichenopora papyracea .. Membranipora annuloidea .... Amphiblestrum heteropora Escharinella ? altimuralis . Cribilina sagena ......... Membraniporella abbotti Mucronella aspera ....... Sallodiedpaddlianllad ea eal Hippothoa tenuichorda <2 0.2. -ceteenecce sere esse soooededbeolsdisc bolloclbsisclecsa pelbalad bolbcibcoaiodlacos
VERMES Serpula whitfieldi ........... dopooonscoomsacacdgous Sdosilee Serpula trigonalis .. Hamulus onyx .......... Ornataporta marylandica .....................-.--
ECHINODERMATA—ECHINOIDEA Cidaris|spaeeraeeeererer nace cee eecr neritic seeelfecfecfentec[ecfecfecfes|ec[eeecfecfesfeafe cls [eecclesloeee[ee|eeeeleceelfeeneleaenlnclenles Cassidulus sp. .......... Cardiaster marylandica . Hemiaster delawarensis .
SISTERS Soo ocooqcsogcocHecsosseKessa0esens0005 ite Reel eles lgal eal be ed ealbemalbalaPelbalball COELENTERATA—ANTHOZOA } Trochocyathus ? yaughani ........... gosdossogese 566q\| bol solselse bolle belo bolocanjboleollaciudisclbsodlbaltood sulbeac)soccinc
Micrabacia rotatilis .... Micrabacia marylandica ..
| UOT} BUIIOF LOO[BIITY RIpuy yng | woT}euIIoy ATOdouTYyorLy, UOTJBULIO 10030400 uBlinzy adoing = uplueduED UeLeyosula, UOIVUIOF S[[LE XOW ea Ec peaeeeee Pee oman ded eM | a ae anos OpB10[0 WOMBUIIO} OLBAGN WOI}eUIIO} LOTART, MWOTJVUIO; ULjSHYy 9U0Z B}LISOD “A 9u0z BSOlopuod “T 9U0Z B}LISOO “| au0Z BSO1opuod UONeULIOy MEIN UOT}BUIOF BSOOTBOSKy, UWOeUIOy dapoed SnULpoIeD OUD | UOLJBUMOF Yool MOV Spoq J1OpuepPIW, UWOL}LUIIOJ SYOODUTY WOeUIIOy YNOULUOW; | SET ear anny UBMEIE i = UOIeuIOy AYOSE [oq JO woTyeULIO; Uenbscuny | ‘Jed JO uoTZeUMIIOy SeoooURIy | Ted Y PW JO Woryeurtoy YNouUOW, | [2d ® “PW JO UoTZeUTIO; UBMEIEW < ss “WW JO WoTyeuNI0; AqjosLW ‘eq ‘puog UMO}UOXON Ivan UWOMPRULIO ‘ed ‘puod UMOJUOXON Jepoo} TINOS seooouRry ‘Ted ‘puod UMoJUOXON, Jed ‘eeQ YWututurmboddy apis ys AyUNoD 8,ex10ay vuUIIG “TO SULYSE A 10,7 AJUNOD §,esl09x) VULIT “TITH_UoxO JO Yynos sarrur Z AJUNOD §,a01085 VULIG ‘s1oul0p SAONOW AJUNOH 8,ad109H VoULI GA ‘A[pUetly JO JSoM o[LUL T AJUNOD 8,es109H soutg ‘ATpueIyT ae AYUNOH §,ad109H soulIg Vuesea[d JBes Teeu o4eisy Syoorg AJUNOD §,acd100%) VOULIG “quesee[d 89g JO SAM 4M “YW AZUNOD 3,Ad1094) VDULIG ‘Jeosjyslig Ayunop jepunsty suuy ‘Ainqiaze A AyunopH jepunrty suuy ‘s[[tAsieT ow “AJUNOH JUS *ya0ID §,1euIny, JO YNoW | AJUNOH [lOIDM “UMOpYOWepsLA } AJUNOH [toe ‘sieut0p s,j0AeD AyunoH [loap ‘YaeiM s,ueulyoj00g Ivo Yool) PIUyog yuRq 4USIy
101
UOIBUIIO,y BUUTES |
E DISTRIBUTION n oO ba o i=
J[NH usejseq | uotyeunog AoTdry |
EY OUTSID
* OK OK RR OK KOK OK KK KF
DRO OK ROK OR ROK
Maryianp GEoLoGIcAL Sur
AL DISTRIBUTION
LOC
Monmouth Formation
*
102 Tuer Upper Cretaceous Drprosirs or Maryuanp
LOCAL
Magothy OUTSIDE
i Por: i | rH Raritan Formation Wormation
| | 7 | 7 I> i | | | | | | | | | } | | | | heal a } | | | | | | | FS glele| | | | i} | = eels yt | | 12] | | (Biel oll] i qf | nial [2 Pleslas| | | a || = le 3 gs|s | | Ege dsl | al2l ge | SES 14 Oe oslO|e | |@l6 belo) | 1 Siis|= li lal Est sais SPECIES rj] O] 2! 2) | ral” Py) a]) oS 5 2! s\ClES lo) 2) cro] 2)Fil5 3] BIS dll | 7 5 @ jS|S/ 815 Al olSIS]—| al glZi2 S| ISlE\ a} 1A) |eiisjecle of) 5\5/Z/ Elsie | SIE Se ISI a JAlSIAlalal<lol 3 gC E| ele es -| | | S|) s)| cs a us) S| dl olEe aiasiClal = olSleleleiga S| S/S) ala.) Brolsl els S/S) 2/4) 5/8) =e lls] 518} 8) §) 8! SiS] n=l |S] 8) ClSis) 4] sie) El aie SIF i415) 6)-3/Al] S|S/C| E) a) 8) B).\S].|'S) 2).2) < \alel2| 51S 2a], 8)2) IPS) 2) Isla lel<|<|4)<] 4] cle] i Brsl sis! sis §| S/S) ole S| E/E) elad) 8) af clelalS 182! ole) S/S /SIEIS| al Elslels/s/elS/elsialels ci =) ° 3) os] BONS]. a alo BaP eee ne Cla ese ale eee ee c/eeseee OS | 4) lS | 4 im S BIEIe OS) 3] & oO ° TAR] Ol i=} s|-/ Ss) 2 . | & a | o|2 ° ain OaIEIEE (IBS| EIS] S12 51SISle| sielel ssl Ela lel by Selelalele ] 8 (|<) S/EIS/SISA SIE 5) 12] alBVeO|s|= (2) isle/2(2/ S188 a Ped 8) a) 5) cle] SIS) | oe] |S] 0) BI S/Sl SIS) Oo) ela] BIS] S) S18] ol 6) Bele I O}2] O19 = Bl sielele £12 8) 2 s/s |B B= clels =|S|5)2\2/5\2\S 1c s|\elele iS RIS |S || £ ala Sl2|alalala|6lalolalS|e|slSlelslelslSlalGlalelalSlel=lalolale FUNGI Spheerives! raritanev sisi ayer imiei= «(cree syaererctcieteletsisis e otebalsse| =a) sl ee [etsihode ere eee eee al a Belt | ll A Balbo palo fellsalaci bol baln)iaciion | | | ALGHE Pal ala Algites americana ..... adcine sec nwusieseavcouesaln=[o~[oefaebealscfac|aed= ls oflmeaafa asc} *ilebe stent ileal netnrel Oates bane heel ate ate te ee | yoy Wales PTERIDOPHYTA tal Gleichenia zippei* ....... Gleichenia delawarensis Gleichenia saundersii ... Osmunda_ delawarensis Onoclea inquirenda .. Cladophlebis socialis . 2 Asplenium cecilensis ...
Asplenium dicksonianum *
Lycopodium cretaceum ........ CYCADOPHYTA Williamsonia delawarensis ...........
Williamsonia marylandica Podozamites lanceolatus * . Podozamites knowltoni* . Podozamites marginatus .............
CONIFEROPHYTA
Dammara cliffwoodensis .. Araucaria bladenensis ..
Auracaria marylandica .... : Bel ie Brachyphyllum macrocarpum ......... 2 Balers Brachyphyllum macrocarpum formosum . Protophyllocladus lobatus ............- 5 Protophyllocladus subintegrifolius . 3
Sequoia heterophylla ......... Sequoia ambigua®* .... Sequoia reichenbachi* ... Cupressinoxylon (?) bibbinsi Thuja cretacea . Juniperus hypnoides . Widdringtonites reichii Raritanis gracilis .... Geinitzia formosa .
Czekanowskia capillaris
y Pur Ses £363 cs 2 e564 ea ca ED EE
Moriconia americana ........... ealelniseenie eae nces |
ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA | | | @arexi¢lankiie went etieiee ert gauaboasuoSnanagoaadadal bbs keliog leah Goal | PS Vial al Doryanthites cretacea j*}../2 |..
Pistia MOrdensk1Ol diay setts terete ieleteredstels aa64
t+ Occurs also in late Lower Cretaceous
sdowug yO UBLuOUes “adoing yO Ubluoany,
adoing JO UbLueULOUe, pUb[Moeaty JO Spaq joo} PUb[ueetH JO Spoq duLj}y
fea] SUIB[d JBI) pu “sz ANDOY JO dnows vurjuoW Ss 8 SUIB[d wad puw “sy AYPOY JO dnows opvs10jop = Z SUIB[d Joo puv “sj Axooy Jo dr 3 | 5 Swe a SBA, JO UOTE
(nH) W199 SRG
| BULLOLED
; oN AN
77 N y "x N
BI JO UolPBULLoOy At ose
SEY JO WOIJBUIIOY UePLIEY
ae ee “; PK 40 WoORBUMOy AuIOR eA. TODO OR ROK OOK OR ORK OK OR KK Sas "PIV JO Worjeur Res CR KO Eas
' SaaS ‘PW “OD [epunty suny “IL ya Se ‘PW “0D Jopuniy ouuy q punoyy S | 35 mu ‘PW 0D [opunay euuy “ARy punoy | | ie og s ces i ‘PW “OD Jepunty BURY, ‘arqes ode R 5 PW 0D [aD “IWrod UDipog |
3/78 cae Tee “PW 0D [a9 “jutod ado q |s|—_— SSS TCA) GEO EMO) EETAG S i9| g 0 “d “proy WUT 3xoop.AG 5 fr 8 ee Sao) ‘dd ‘SISO 1109, = o | § ©00 spt = Balai On PUaSHTE | cI = | PIN “00 Tepu T! ie) i= pe hs = “PW “OD jepuniy suuy
= PW “OD aoun,eg juIog wEpep
7 é ‘PW “OD [a “Th wouurys a4 : = PAL “OD THeED “IW Tle S| ————__—_—_—— di ee OE Oe = HH & 4 S
‘d
ib i=] (] ri : “4 o . x en : nm 2 cent 1 | es ey Can g . id Foe : x Bo § i . + * 5:9 or : : ‘ B A : Bio: 1: > Bie ea: ii: 5 ig RB g g Sei Fy Ueistc ache etiam: EL EPENGH EY Oa 3) Bt aie | a ean BUG malty Go Ae Bapepan Mat Ste B-peerane| ebestetish gS aan) a ws fay :2 038 aceon tthe g fee oR Ree in Ss a C8 is} Fas S65 uv Saeed ned Po ES aon, pamnvy : 5 3:0 Ae Sg a 218 EGee. a gSeee sakes : Bhs gees SERS tbs ria : : Sa ago RE i : 65g Sees eam enh PGR ae ERB eR PO aOR QOUS SES ee SE c Die "oy q = B' 7 = G ‘i a1 S Bt |= 5 B Pag hab scs eee b ses HEMES SRE RRR SU ERSSogRe She ee oS GRASS re SSCA eee e Pes OSS 8Gh y ios eas aaa a ESph@Esoak OP TMAMAgog P= frellredlt J SU ret Ot SoOoDg on La sue nko SEVAS Heh oOa ad aa ga BoA ee ao nod 2k Be 9g 88 eee eee ee aes ag ESSE ong Ser Taos See ee ae st Boon mu nD 3 S'0'8 ey gp peeonr GHpddiguuny, SHAMS RR Sooo sem OF AE Eco SS 5 Sea obese eeeeyress ORI aeP5oob og BOO Oo Mae Reo a SSB Sy bo rot Br 0k Brees ° Ape neo S850 gdRaaaa dg oO HOOAGHI DS SAGAR CCEER REMI ROsa aS SoS ROZO saa aOOmaORsOO
OUTSIDE
adoing jO WeluouEs
adoing JO ueruoIny,
edoing Jo uvtueuroueD
pueluseiy JO Spoq 1007eq
puvjueaiy JO spaq auejzy
SUIZ[gd JvaIH) PUB ‘S}_ AYOOY Jo dnois vuejuoW
SUIT JeaIH pue Ss} Aooy jo dnows opexopop
SUIv[d Jay PUL “S}J_ ANOOY Jo dnows vjoyeg
SEXO, JO UOTJLULIOJ JUTQpOO
FIND Useyseq JO WOTyeUIIO, MEIN
Jip Wlojseq JO worjeuI0y; esoOpeosny,
BUTLOIED YINOS WF UWON “Woryeutsoy soo Yovreg
BurpoIRD YInOS ‘speq jzopuepprWy
TN RA CN “SSB JO WOTjRUIIOF AYLOSe A
TON ® AN “SSey_ JO UONeUNO; URE
LOCAL
‘PW JO UOleUoy ATQODLW
“PIN JO WorBUIIOy UEITEY
Magothy Formation
PW “OD Tepuniy Suu ‘e[[IASET TW
“PW “00 Tepunry ouuy ‘Avg punoy 919707
“PW “0D Jepunry suuy ‘Avg punoy
‘PW “OD [apunty suuy ‘eiqes edep
PW “00 TaD “utog Ulypog
"PW 0 [oa9) “Julog aAomH
Ted ‘eur GO nO deo
Raritan Formation
‘OD “a ‘peoy wuT yoop1eA0
O° ‘SIUSOy] UojSuLYyseA\ 4SeAT
"PIN 0.) SopteyO “QuourATS
‘PW “0D Sesi0oy soulg “yvesyystug
_ PI 09 jepunty suuy “A A jutog wnIq
"PW “0D Jepuniy ouny "yao paytoyy
“PW “OD slowyTeg GuIog 1epep
PN “OO [80 ‘THA wouueys
PW 0D Thap “3 1m
THE Upper Cretaceous Deposits or Marynanp
104
SPECIES
d
NGIOSPERMOPHYTA—Cont’
Celastrophyllum undulatum ........
A Rhamnites apiculatus | Cissites newberryi ...
Cissites formosus var magothiensis .
Hedera cretacea ....... | Hedera cecilensis ..................-
| Sterculia minima .... Sterculia cliffwoodensis .
Eucalyptus attenuata .. Eucalyptus lati
folia
Cornus forchhammeri
Eucalyptus geinitzi Eucalyptus wardiana Cornus cecilensis
Araliopsoides cretacea salisburifolia .....
Andromeda cookii ..... Andromeda noye-cesaree .....
Andromeda grandifolia .
Araliopsoides cretacea dentata . Myrsine borealis .
Aralia greenlandica ....... Aralia washingtoniana i Araliopsoides breviloba . Araliopsoides cretacea .. Andromeda parlatorii .. Myrsine gaudini ..... Sapotacites knowltoni . Bumelia prenuntia ..
Aralia rayniana
iospyros primeva ..
Diospyros rotundifolia . Diospyros vera ......
D:
Fontainea grandifolia ... Carpolithus septloculus ..
Cordia apiculata
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 105
THE GEOLOGIC PROVINCE
The Maryland Upper Cretaceous formations comprise part of a nearly continuous belt that extends from Maryland northward through Dela- ware and New Jersey to the islands off the New England coast as well as to southern Massachusetts. Although transgressed by Tertiary deposits in Virginia they reappear in surface outcrops in North Carolina where they present somewhat different characters and where the strata have been described under different names. From this area they have been traced southward to the Gulf, where they again take on different characters and have been described under still other names. Hven within the north- ern area the strata are im places transgressed by Tertiary or Quaternary deposits, the latter at times covering the Upper Cretaceous beds exten- sively in the interstream areas, while in the extreme northern part of the district the surface continuity of the beds is broken by bays and estuaries.
Unlike the Lower Cretaceous strata which attain their most complete development in Maryland, the Upper Cretaceous formations of this northern district are best developed in New Jersey, the Maryland deposits representing the gradual thinning out of these formations to the south- ward. It is significant that the Lower Cretaceous formations are over- lapped northward by the Upper Cretaceous and are unknown in the northern part of New Jersey Coastal Plain and in the islands off the New England coast, whereas the transgressions hitherto described within the Upper Cretaceous are developed to the southward with the gradual overlapping of the several formations in that direction. These trans- gressions, within the Upper Cretaceous, however, are not of equal signifi- cance, although clearly defined in each instance. The Monmouth trans- gression is apparently more pronounced than the Magothy and the Matawan, since the Monmouth deposits entirely transgress the Matawan and come to rest on the Magothy in the southern part of the district.
The most extensive development of the Upper Cretaceous series within the province is to be found in Monmouth County, New Jersey, where each of the formations attains large, if not in each case maximum, thickness and where the differentiation of the deposits and faunas has led to the
106 Tue Upper Cretacrous Drvosirs or MaryLanp
description of a larger number of locally developed formations than are recognizable elsewhere. ‘The names employed in the present report with the exception of the term Magothy, introduced by Darton, were employed by the writer in New Jersey for those formational units which can be traced throughout this northern Upper Cretaceous province. Whether these divisions in New Jersey should be subdivided into members or for- mations and the larger units regarded as formations or groups, as the case may be, is of little consequence, hut they must be retained as forma- tional names south of the Delaware basin since the features relied upon for their subdivision in central New Jersey are not recognizable outside that state. Not only are the formations described in an earlier chapter as oceurring in Maryland present, but still later formations known under the name of the Rancocas and Manasquan formations, the former of which has been traced through Delaware to the Maryland Line, although the subdivisions described for the New Jersey area are not recognizable south of that state. The Manasquan formation, however, is known only in New Jersey and eyen in that state is much restricted in its develop- ment. It is possible that this formation likewise participates in the southerly transgression characteristic of the older Upper Cretaceous formations, but there is no positive information on this subject. Deep-well borings near the margin of the Coastal Plain in Virginia at Old Point Comfort and at Norfolk show that deposits of Upper Cre- taceous age occur beneath the cover of the Tertiary formations, and repre- sent one or more of the formations developed farther north. The mate- rials penetrated are very similar to those characteristic of the Magothy- Monmouth series of formations, and consist of coarse and fine sands and even of pebbles as well as clays of dark color with lignite and, even more striking, of the dark sandy micaceous clays and greensands so character- istic of the Matawan and Monmouth. At the same time a considerable number of fragmentary fossils have been secured which present more par- ticularly a Matawan aspect, although a single specimen has been ques- tionably referred to a species found only in the Rancocas. The total thickness of these buried Upper Cretaceous deposits in Virginia has been estimated at 65 feet to 75 feet, but may be considerably greater. It is
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 107
apparent, however, that the Upper Cretaceous formations of Maryland are continued to the southward beneath the Tertiary formations into southern Virginia, a region which must haye been much more extensively depressed during Tertiary time than Maryland and the district to the north of it to have buried the Upper Cretaceous so deeply beneath the later deposits. Whether more of the section penetrated by the well borings should be assigned to the Upper Cretaceous or whether the strata of this age have materially thinned along the dip cannot be determined from present knowledge. The facts in any event are far too meager to determine the location of the coast line in Virginia during this period.
It seems equally probable that the Virginia strata were likewise con- nected on the south with those of North Carolina where deposits repre- senting the Magothy-Matawan-Monmouth series are represented in the Black Creek-Peedee series. ‘There is no definite evidence of the existence of the Raritan formation in the Virginia well borings, and it is quite certainly absent in North Carolina, together with the Patapsco and Arundel formations of Lower Cretaceous age. A much greater interval is therefore represented between the Lower and Upper Cretaceous strata in North Carolina than in Maryland, although the formations absent in this district may have been overlapped and actually exist farther seaward. The Black Creek formation, as already poimted out, contains both the flora of the Magothy and the fauna of the Matawan in interbedded layers and lacks the single change from non-marine to marine deposits shown in the northerly area in passing from the Magothy to the Matawan. Although the physical conditions existing in North Carolina must therefore have been somewhat different from those farther north, there is little doubt that these deposits must be linked through Virginia with those of the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain in the same general province of deposition. The Peedee formation presents so many characteristics in common with those of the Monmouth formation that although they are separated by wide areas of overlapping Tertiary formations these deposits must be considered as probably forming a continuous belt of sedimenta- tion with the more northern areas.
108 Tue Uprer Cretaceous Drrosits or Maryann
There is likewise little doubt that the area of sedimentation represented in the North Carolina deposits was continued southward along the con- tinent border into the Gulf district where the Cretaceous strata attained such extensive development in the Tuscaloosa, Eutaw, Selma, and Ripley formations which, as will be shown later, are regarded as representing {He Raritan, Magothy, Matawan, and Monmouth formations of the northern area. It seems probable, therefore, when viewed in its broader relatior, that the northern province was connected with the south Atlantic and Gulf provinces and that the same general conditions were continuoys throughout the entire area of the Atlantic and Gulf borders.
When the conditions that existed in Upper Cretaceous time along the Atlantic and eastern Gulf borders are considered, it is apparent that both in the north and in the south—in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryiand on the one hand, end in western Alabama on the other—the Upper Cretaceous of these areas was inaugurated with extensive deposits of non-marine character which evidently spread widely over the eastern and southern lowlands of the then existing Coastal Pla. It is not difficult to believe that similar deposits were being formed during this time over much of the intervening areas, although such deposits have not been observed nor any others which might represent them. Fol- lowing the Raritan epoch in the north and the evidently somewhat later Tuscaloosa epoch in the south, came the transgression of the marine waters of the continent border which so far buried the earlier Upper Cretaceous deposits south of Maryland to the eastern Gulf area that no trace of these formations has been found, if perchance they escaped the erosion to which they are known to have been subjected even within the area of their outcrop. That they may ultimately be discovered in deep-well borings is quite possible, but their absence along the line of outcrop is but another proof of the differential movements that have taken place since the deposition of the earliest Lower Cretaceous strata within this area and which have been somewhat strikingly exemplified in the relations of the Upper Cretaceous formations already described.
Ce
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UPPER CRETACEOUS, PLATE VII
Fic. 2.—VIEW OF SECTION NEAR BRIGHTSEAT, PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, SHOWING MONMOUTH FORMATION OVERLAIN BY AQUIA FORMATION.
MAaryLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 109
A somewhat similar problem presents itself in the presence of later Cretaceous formations in New Jersey and their absence elsewhere along the coastal border. Gradual transgression of first the Eocene and then the Miocene, followed by the extensive cover of Pleistocene deposits, sug- gests the possibility that deposits of equivalent age to the Rancocas and Manasquan may exist farther to the eastward in Maryland and thence southward to the Gulf. The only evidence that has ever been introduced in support of this view is the questionable determination of Terebratula harlani from the well boring at Old Point Comfort. It would not be at all surprising if deposits of this and even Manasquan age were found in deep-well borings along the continent border. A discovery of diagnostic fossils of these horizons would add a notable chapter to the history of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
The following table presents in tentative form the relations of the Upper Cretaceous deposits in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf areas.
THE Upper Cretaczeous Deposits or MAryLAND
110
“UepIIEYy UR4LIE YY “UeqIeYy “Weqley “UBIUBULOMED (ety “A\) : *esoo]Bosny, “AYQOSeTT “AyQOSe “AYQOSe WN “AyQOSV UPIUOINT, *yaorg OR “MINT URMezEL UBM BIR UBMELRN URMEZRT “BU[aS é “welUoueg pue Aopdry d -aapaog “YynowUo yy YNOWUO TA, “YJNOUIUO TAT *seooouey *suoOdUBIT “wenbseueyy “URE ‘YIOK MON pue “euLeqe ly “BUI[OIBO Y9ION puede “a1BM BOC + £eastap MeN eee Hey -adoiny
ay} Yo spur|sy
THE PETROGRAPHY AND GENESIS OF THE SEOUMEN TS OL iEAOPPER CRETACEOUS OF MARYLAND
BY MARCUS I. GOLDMAN
INTRODUCTORY
The object of this chapter is to present the results of the detailed study and the mechanical and microscopical analysis of a few typical sediments from the Upper Cretaceous of Maryland. Work of this kind is merely an extension of petrography to the sedimentary rocks; yet it has hitherto been so little practised that most geologists hearing the term petrography . think instinctively of crystalline rocks. This comment is made in order to forestall an attitude of mind towards what follows that is very gen- eral, namely the belief that after such an analysis of a sedimentary rock it is possible to determine the conditions under which the rock originated. That is, of course, the ultimate object of such work, yet it is no more implicitly the immediate result of the study of a given rock than the study of a given crystalline rock in the beginning of that science was the direct key to the origin of the rock—or is to-day, for that matter. If decades of study of conglomerates, whose composition is apparent to the unaided eye, leave many fundamental problems concerning this rela- tively simple type of rock still unsolved, it is not to be expected that microscopic knowledge of facts of the same kind about the sedimentary rocks of finer grain will suddenly reveal the conditions of their origin. In fact, for these finer-grained rocks, as for the conglomerates, field study of their larger geological characters, their variations vertically and hori- zontally. the form of the whole mass, its relations to adjacent beds, and other features must remain as important as the laboratory analysis. But a more detailed knowledge of the composition of the finer-grained sedi-
112 THE PETROGRAPHY AND GENESIS OF SEDIMENTS
mentary rocks is desirable than the current terms, sandstone, shale, sandy shale, tuff, limestone, or even more circumscribed terms like chalk, green- sand, ete., afford; and from the awakening interest in this subject it is safe to expect that before long every stratigraphic study of a limited region will contain descriptions of the composition of the sedimentary rocks involved. Every such study will bring out some significant facts regarding the origin of the particular rocks, but for a satisfactory final interpretation of the conditions under which the rock originated it will be necessary to have accumulated an extensive series of analyses of modern sediments of all possible varieties. Comparing then the ancient sediment with the modern ones, the conditions of whose origin will be more or less completely known, it will be possible by finding the modern sediment that is most similar to determine the conditions under which the ancient sedi- ment in question was formed. On the other hand, the sediments of the past offer some opportunities to the investigator that are lacking in the modern. For in the subaqueous sediments of to-day only what is at the surface, or a few feet below, can be examined. Of the ancient sediments, however, it is possibile to obtain sections in which the changes both vertical and lateral can be followed out, and thus knowledge gained which could be gathered from sediments in process of formation only through cen- turies of observation or through periods too long for consideration. Thus the two branches of the study must advance together, each throwing light on the facts of the other, and the two pointing out to each other the © problems that require special attention.
It is this consideration that has led to the attempt to interpret freely the facts obtained in the present study in the belief that an investigation is valueless until some conclusion has been drawn from it, and that the investigator who has accumulated the facts is in the most advantageous position for interpreting them. These interpretations, however, are put forward most tentatively and with the greatest possible reservation.
While the published literature describing modern sediments is not inconsiderable, it is not of much value for the Cretaceous sediments
1 For a very full and up-to-date bibliography, see Andrée, K., Ueber Sediment- bildung am Meeresboden Geol. Rundschau, vol. 3, 1912, H 5/6, pp. 324-338.
MaryYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 113
because most of it deals with the deposits of the deeper ocean, little with the deposits near and adjacent to the mouths of rivers. Probably no inves- tigator of modern sediments has had the geologic bearings of the study so forward in his mind as Thoulet, and it is his publications therefore, limited in extent though the work of one man must be, that are of most value to the geologist. Foremost in his work in this connection stands the recently published monograph, with colored maps, of the sediments of the Gulf of Lyon; * and the work of his pupil Sudry* on the Lagoon of Thau in the same region is, as subsequently pointed out, probably of par- ticular bearing on the Matawan. (See especially sample 8, below.)
References to such studies as have been made of near-shore sediments will be found in Andrée’s bibliography, but as far as I know the only syste- matic and continuous investigation of this type, and the only one whose results are expressed in the tangible form of a map is that by Thoulet of the Gulf of Lyon. In fact it is, I believe, the need for studies of this kind that inspired him to carry out the work.
THE MertHop or ANALYSIS
_ In all essentials it is Thoulet’s * method of analysis that has been fol- lowed in this investigation.
In a general way three main types of procedure in the analysis of unin- durated sediments, whether ancient or modern, may be recognized. The first is the method of